Exercise Physiology CardioRespiratory Trimester 2. Exercise Physiology Cardiorespiratory Study Guide
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1 Exercise Physilgy CardiRespiratry Trimester 2 Cardivascular System Exercise Physilgy Cardirespiratry Study Guide 1. Be able t label the structures f the heart (chambers, vessels, valves) and the pattern f bld flw thrugh the heart, including designating bld in vessels and chambers as xygenated r dexygenated Right and Left Atria: tp, receiving chambers Right and Left Ventricles: bttm, pumping chambers Arteries: carry bld away frm the heart Arteriles: cntrl bld flw and feed capillaries Capillaries: site f nutrient and waste exchange Venules: cllect bld frm capillaries Veins: carry bld frm venules back t heart Pattern f Bld Flw thrugh Heart Superir and Inferir Vena Cava Right Atrium (via Tricuspid Valve) Right Ventricle (via Semilunar valve Pulmnary artery) Pulmnary trunk/arteries Lungs Pulmnary veins Left Atrium (via mitral valve) Left Ventricle (via artic semilunar valve) Arta bdy 1) Dexygenated bld enters Right Atrium via the Superir/Inferir Vena Cava 2) Dexygenated bld frm RA t RV via Tricuspid Valve 3) Dexygenated bld frm RV t Pulmnary Trunk and arteries via Pulmnary Artery semilunar valve 3) Dexygenated bld sent t lungs 4) Oxygenated bld enters LA thrugh Pulmnary Veins 5) Oxygenated bld travels dwn mitral valve t enter LV 6) Oxygenated bld cnducted frm LV t arta thrugh artic semilunar valves 7) Oxygenated bld pumped ut t rest f the bdy frm arta 2. What is the difference between diastle and systle? Cardiac Cycle: all mechanical and electrical events that ccur during ne heartbeat Diastle: ventricles are in between beats, nt cntracting, relaxed Chambers fill with bld; twice as lng as systle Systle: ventricles are cntracting 3. Describe the events that take place that allw the heart t cntract, and hw heart rate is cntrlled. Electrical Activity f Heart Sinatrial Nde (RA) Atri-ventricular Nde (RA) Bundle f HIS (atriventricular bundle in the Septum) Left and Right Bundle Branches Page 1 f 7
2 Exercise Physilgy CardiRespiratry Trimester 2 Sinatrial (SA) nde: impulse-generating (pacemaker) tissue lcated in the right atrium f the heart Atriventricular (AV) nde: part f the electrical cntrl system f the heart that crdinates the tp f the heart; electrically cnnects atrial and ventricular chambers Bundle f HIS: specialized heart muscle cells that transmit electrical impulses frm the AV nde in the heart t the muscle cells f the heart wall, which cntract in respnse prducing the heart beat This pause allws the bld in the atria t empty cmpletely int the ventricles befre the ventricles pump ut the bld Purkinje fibers cnduct the impulse frm the apex f the heart up the ventricular mycardium, causing the ventricles t cntract Autnmic Nervus System Parasympathetic NS: slws dwn HR Sympathetic NS: increases HR - Stimulates adrenal glands Barreceptrs: in arta and cartid arteries - Sense stretch f vessel - Sense stretch in bld vessels interpreted as increase in bld pressure medulla decreases HR t alleviate pressure Endcrine System Epinephrine increases frce f cntractin Nrepinephrine shunts bld t wrking muscle Chemreceptrs: sense chemical cncentratins (i.e. CO2 in bld) - CO2 + H2O H+ - Sensing f H+ by Medulla Oblngata increase HR s heart can pump mre bld t get rid f excess CO2 Page 2 f 7
3 Exercise Physilgy CardiRespiratry Trimester 2 Rest: Parasympathetic NS keeps HR lw by initiating braking system n AV and SA nde Exercise: Sympathetic NS increases HR *Parasympathetic NS still wrking, but begins t withdraw its influence upn cntinuatin f exercise Influence f sympathetic NS decreases when exercise stps 4. Hw is bld flw t the varius regins f the bdy cntrlled? Metablic by-prducts f cellular respiratin CO 2 Lactic Acid (HLa) H+ Decrease in ph An increase in these causes lcal vasdilatin (expansin f bld vessels) which increases bld flw Chemical Vasdilatrs Capillaries and arteriles = 1 cell thick = easy t get O2 in and CO2 ut 1 cell thick layer prduces chemicals vasdilatin Nitric Oxide: chemical emitted frm the bld cells that line the bld vessels Prstaglandins assciated with increased cre temperature vasdilatin in veins near surface f skin in an effrt t rid the bdy f the excess heat Mygenic Respnse Change in pressure f vessels vasdilatin After skeletal muscle cntractin (which cnstricts bld vessels), the muscle relaxes and the bld vessels vasdilate (increase in size) 5. Describe three imprtant mechanisms fr returning bld back t the heart when smene is exercising in the upright psitin. At rest, the veins are a reservir fr bld as they hld mre bld than the arteries d. During exercise, muscles try t get the reservir f bld ut f the veins and int circulatin: Venus Return by Skeletal Muscle Cntractin (Skeletal Muscle Pump) As the muscles cntract, the veins are cmpressed (an increase in pressure) and the bld is prpelled frward in the directin f the heart (as it diffuses away frm the high pressure f the cnstricted vein) Heart fills with mre bld = mre bld in circulatin Increase in diastlic filling vlume which increases strke vlume Valves in Veins Prevent the backflw f bld Lwer valves shut as the muscle cntracts (which cmpresses vein and prpels the bld frward) s bld des nt flw back int the muscle but cntinues in ne directin twards the heart Respiratry Pump Page 3 f 7
4 Exercise Physilgy CardiRespiratry Trimester 2 Increasing the rate and depth f respiratin prmtes venus return and enhances cardiac utput Respiratry activity affects venus return thrugh changes in right atrial pressure (increasing RA pressure impedes venus return as the bld will nt diffuse t a place with a higher pressure, and recall that the RA accepts bld frm the bdy) Inspiratin: decrease pressure in chest cavity by drpping diaphragm which encurages air t diffuse int the lungs (less pressure) frm envirnment, and fr bld in veins t mve t heart (since RA pressure has decreased due t expansin f cardiac chambers) Expiratin: increase pressure in chest cavity bld mves ut f heart Respiratry System 1. Describe and differentiate between external and internal respiratin. External Respiratin: mving gases frm utside the bdy int the lungs and then the bld Pulmnary Ventilatin (Breathing): mvement f air int and ut f the lungs Air nse/muth pharynx larynx trachea brnchial tree brnchiles alveli Pulmnary Diffusin: exchange f xygen and carbn dixide btwn lungs and bld Internal Respiratin: gas exchange btwn bld and tissues Capillary Diffusin: exchange f xygen and carbn dixide btwn capillary blds and metablically active tissues 2. Describe mechanisms invlved in inspiratin and expiratin. Inspiratin Intercstal Muscles: attached btwn the ribs and manipulate the width f the rib cage. External intercstal muscles cntractin raises each rib tward the rib abve, with the verall effect f raising the rib cage, assisting in inhalatin as it increases the vlume f the thracic cavity Diaphragm cntracts (flattens) Greater vlume inside the lungs = decreased pressure s air frm utside rushes in During exercise, muscles in the neck and chest raise the ribs even mre t assist with breathing Expiratin At rest, expiratin is a passive prcess, as it is the return f the lungs and chest cavity t relaxatin frm inspiratin decreased vlume in lungs = increased pressure in lungs which frces air ut Diaphragm relaxes it mves upwards which increases pressure in lungs During frced breathing, expiratin is mre active, as the internal intercstal muscles pull dwn the rib cage and the diaphragm is pushed upward External intercstal muscles relax lwers rib cage Page 4 f 7
5 Exercise Physilgy CardiRespiratry Trimester 2 3. Explain the cncept f partial pressures f respiratry gases xygen, carbn dixide. Daltn s Law: ttal pressure f a mixture f gases equals the sum f the partial pressures f the individual gases in its mixture Henry s Law: gases disslve in liquids in prprtin t their partial pressures Pressure gradient btwn the gases in alveli and bld determines exchange Inspiratin: PO2 higher in Alveli than in Bld (capillaries surrunding alveli) s O2 diffuses frm the higher cncentratin t the lwer, thus O2 mves frm Alveli t the bld Expiratin: PCO2 lwer in alveli than in bld, s CO2 diffuses int alveli and is then expired int envirnment 4. Where in the lungs des exchange f gases ccur? Describe the rle f the respiratry membrane. Gas exchange in the lungs (Pulmnary Diffusin): Replenishes the bld s xygen supply (which is depleted at the tissue level as it is used fr xidative energy prductin) Remves Carbn Dixide frm returning venus bld Oxygen frm the air diffuses frm the alveli int the bld in the pulmnary capillaries, and carbn dixide diffuses frm the bld int the alveli The layers f cells lining the alveli and the surrunding capillaries are each nly ne cell thick and are in very clse cntact with each ther. O2 passes quickly thrugh this airbld barrier int the bld in the capillaries; CO2 passes frm the bld int the alveli and is then exhaled. Respiratry Membrane: where gas exchange btwn air in alveli and bld in pulmnary capillaries ccurs; cmpsed f alvelar wall, capillary wall, basement membranes 5. Hw are O2 and CO2 transprted in the bld? O 2 Disslved in bld plasma (nly 2% bc this methd fails t adequately supply bdy) (98%) Bind t hemglbin xyhemglbin (each hemglbin can carry 4 mlecules f O 2 ) Binding f O 2 t hb depends n PO 2 in bld and affinity (bnding strength) btwn the tw When 1 O2 binds, the structure f hb makes it mre likely that the 2 nd, 3 rd, and 4 th O2 will bind Page 5 f 7
6 Exercise Physilgy CardiRespiratry Trimester 2 Lw ph, high temp prmtes unlading f O2 in the tissue When 1 O2 dissciates, the structure f hb changes and it is mre likely the 2 nd, 3 rd, 4 th O2 will leave During exercise the ph is lwer s O 2 dissciates frm bld which supplies xygen t the exercising muscle O 2 dissciates frm hemglbin mre readily at higher temperatures, such as hw mre xygen is unladed t metablically heated active muscles At a high ph r lw temperature, O2 is bund mre tightly t hb which results in less unlading f the O2 CO 2 (70%) Bicarbnate In CO 2 + H 2 O H 2 CO 3 H HCO 3 H+ binds t hemglbin (which acts as a buffer) Bhr effect and bicarbnate diffuses ut f red bld cell and int the plasma H+ enhances xygen unlading at tissue level Bld enters the lungs (PCO2 is lwer): H + + HCO - 3 H 2 CO 3 CO 2 + H 2 O and the CO2 can enter the alveli and be exhaled Highest percentage f CO2 in bld is in the frm f the bicarbnate in (7-10%) Disslved CO2 CO2 released frm tissues is disslved in the plasma As the bld enters the lungs where PCO2 is lw, the CO2 diffuses int alveli and is exhaled (23%) Carbaminhemglbin Frmed when CO2 binds with hemglbin Binds t a different part f the hemglbin (its amin acid) than O2 binds CO2 released frm hb in lungs, where it enters alveli t be exhaled Exercise increases bld flw t muscle = mre O2 available t tissues 6. Hw is xygen unladed frm the arterial bld t the muscle and CO2 remved frm the muscle int the venus bld? Bhr effect: decrease in ph resulting frm an increased cncentratin f carbn dixide in the bld causes increased unlading f O2 frm hemglbin Tissues: PCO2 in bld (veins) < PCO2 in muscles CO2 frm muscles t travel t bld Tissues: PO2 in muscle < PO2 in bld O2 mves frm bld t muscles 7. Describe hw pulmnary ventilatin is regulated. What are the chemical stimuli that cntrl the depth and rate f breathing? Hw d they cntrl respiratin during exercise? Bdy must maintain hmestatic balance btwn bld PO2, PCO2m ph Central Mechanisms f Regulatin Respiratry centers Page 6 f 7
7 Exercise Physilgy CardiRespiratry Trimester 2 Inspiratry center cntrls rhythm f ventilatin Expiratry center is active during frceful breathing (such as exercise) as it sends signals t the muscles f expiratin Lcated in brain stem (Medulla, Pns) Establish rate and depth f breathing via mtr neurn signals t respiratry muscles frm the brainstem Crtex can verride signals if necessary Central Chemreceptrs Accumulatin f CO2 increase in rate f breathing t expire the excess CO2 Peripheral Mechanisms f Regulatin Peripheral Chemreceptrs In artic bdies, cartid bdies Sensitive t bld PCO2, H+ Increase rate and depth f breathing t remve excess CO2 and H+ frm bdy **PCO2 is the strngest stimulus fr the regulatin f breathing Mechanreceptrs (stretch) In pleurae, brnchiles, alveli Excessive stretch reduced depth f breathing (shrtens duratin f inspiratin) Hering-Breuer Reflex Excessive Stretch breathing ut t decrease vlume Surces - Bundless. The Cardiac Cycle. Bundless Bilgy. Bundless, 08 Aug Retrieved 06 Dec frm - Kenney, W. Larry. "Chapter 7." Physilgy f Sprt and Exercise. 6th ed. N.p.: Human Kinetics, Print. - Nah Lechtzin. "Exchanging Oxygen and Carbn Dixide - Lung and Airway Disrders - Merck Manuals Cnsumer Versin." Merck Manuals Cnsumer Versin. Web. 08 Dec Richard E. Klabunde. "Factrs Prmting Venus Return." CV Physilgy Factrs Prmting Venus Return. Cardivascular Physilgy Cncepts, n.d. Web. 08 Dec Vladisavljevic, Nenad Planic Vladimir. "Pulmnary Diffusin." Pulmnary Diffusin. Cmplete Sccer Training, n.d. Web. 08 Dec Page 7 f 7
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