Doppler ultrasound, see Ultrasonography. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), kidney oxygenation assessment 75

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1 Subject Index Acidemia, cardiorenal syndrome type Acute Dialysis Quality Initiative (ADQI) acute kidney injury biomarkers, see Acute kidney injury; specific biomarkers cardiorenal syndrome, see specific cardiorenal syndromes conference methodology 2 structure 3 consensus group members 10th conference 194, th conference 196, 197 objectives 2 topics by year 3 workgroup structure 2 Acute kidney injury (AKI), see also biomarkers, see also specific markers diagnostic use cardiac surgery 20, 21 critical illness 22 iodinated contrast agents 22 nephrotoxin exposure 22 sepsis 36, 37 thresholds 23 differential diagnosis 8, 9, early detection 8 non-renal biomarkers 39, 40 physiological biomarkers prognosis and management 9, 10, prospects for study staging 23, 24 transient injury 33, 34 definitions 6, 7 diagnostic criteria economic impact 46 grading 7 imaging 10, 11 risk factors cardiac surgery 17 critical illness 18 iodinated contrast agents 17 nephrotoxin exposure 18 overview 16, 17 sepsis 18 Acute renocardiac syndrome, see Acutely decompensating heart failure, see Cardiorenal syndrome type 1; Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors management 113 management 125, 128 Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), renal perfusion analysis 73 Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) acute kidney injury biomarker 40 expression 125 prognostic use

2 Cardiorenal syndromes (CRS) acute versus chronic elements 86 definition 85 Cardiorenal syndrome type 1 acutely decompensating heart failure central venous pressure increase 104 consensus recommendations for research and clinical practice 106, 108 hemodynamic mechanisms 102, 103 overview 85, 88 renal blood flow reduction 104 warm hemodynamic profile 105, 106 biomarkers non-hemodynamic mechanisms pathophysiology risk factors 86 timing, severity, and duration relationship to outcomes 112, 113 Cardiorenal syndrome type 2 animal models 120, biomarkers drug clinical trials and outcomes 126, 127 pathophysiology 88, 89, 118, 121 stable chronic heart failure acidemia 146 cardiac injury direct mechanisms indirect mechanisms consensus recommendations for research and clinical practice 153 electrophysiology hyperkalemia hypertension 146 hypophosphatemia 146 ischemia 150, 151 myocardial effects 151 outcomes pathophysiology 89, 90, pericardial effects 151 risk factors 138, 139 uremia 146, 147 volume overload 145, 146 Cardiorenal syndrome type 4 epidemiology and pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease aortic compliance 162 calcification of arteries 161, 162 cardiac fibrosis cardiomyocyte-capillary mismatch 165, 166 coronary atherosclerosis 161 left ventricular hypertrophy overview 159 fibroblast growth factor-23 role galectin-3 expression 168 pathophysiology Cardiorenal syndrome type 5 cirrhosis 176, 177, 181 heart-kidney cross-talk 182, 183 natural history 176, 179 neuroendocrine alterations 181, 182 organ function assessment 185, 186 pathophysiology 92 94, 183, 184 predisposing and modifying factors 176, 177 prospects for study 189, 190 risk prediction 186 sepsis cardiomyopathy 177, 180 diagnosis 184, 185 kidney injury 180, 181 treatment cardiac support 188 disease modification 187, 188 management of consequences 189 principles 186, 187 renal support 188, 189 Central venous pressure (CVP), increase in 104 Chronic heart failure, see Cardiorenal syndrome type 2 Chronic renocardiac syndrome, see Cardiorenal syndrome type 4 Subject Index 201

3 Cirrhosis, cardiorenal syndrome type 5 association 176, 177, 181 Creatinine, serum measurement 70, 71 Cystatin C biomarker 110 biomarker 130, 131 Doppler ultrasound, see Ultrasonography Fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF-23), cardiorenal syndrome type 4 pathophysiology 91, 92, Galectin-3 cardiorenal syndrome type 3 role 144 cardiorenal syndrome type 4 expression 168 Glomerular filtration rate (GFR), realtime measurement 69, 70 Glutathione S-transferase (GST) acute kidney injury biomarker 8, 19 nephrotoxin response 22 Hyperkalemia, cardiorenal syndrome type Hypertension, cardiorenal syndrome type Hypophosphatemia, cardiorenal syndrome type IGFBP7, acute kidney injury biomarker 8 Interleukin-18 (IL-18) acute kidney injury biomarker 8, 14, 19 cardiac surgery response 21 prognostic use 53 Kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) acute kidney injury biomarker 8, 9, 14, 19 biomarker 131, 132 expression 124 Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), chronic kidney disease association Liver-type fatty acid-binding protein (L-FABP) acute kidney injury biomarker 8, 14, 19 Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), kidney oxygenation assessment 75 Near infrared spectroscopy (NIR), kidney 74, 75 Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) acute kidney injury biomarker 8, 9, 14, 19 cardiac surgery response 21 biomarker 109, 110 biomarker 131, 132 cardiorenal syndrome type 3 expression 150, 151 differential diagnosis 38 dynamic range 23 management decision use 56 nephrotoxin response 22 prognostic use 48 51, 54, 55 Osmolality, urine 71 Oxygen tension, urine measurement 75, 76 Positron emission tomography (PET), kidney 74 Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) pathophysiology 122, 123, 125 cardiorenal syndrome type 3 role 140, 141, 143, 150 cardiorenal syndrome type 5 role 181, Subject Index

4 Sepsis acute kidney injury biomarkers 36, 37 risks 18 cardiorenal syndrome type 5 cardiomyopathy 177, 180 diagnosis of sepsis 184, 185 kidney injury 180, 181 Sodium, fractional excretion 71 ST-2, biomarker 109 TIMP-2, acute kidney injury biomarker 8 Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), pathophysiology 123 Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) pathophysiology 124 cardiorenal syndrome type 3 role 141, 142 Ultrasonography, renal perfusion analysis contrast-enhanced ultrasound 72, 73 Doppler ultrasound 72 Urea, fractional excretion 71 Uremia cardiac fibrosis cardiorenal syndrome type 3 146, 147 Urine output, continuous measurement 71 Volume overload, cardiorenal syndrome type 3 145, 146 Subject Index 203

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