IMPROVEMENT OF CARDIO-RESPIRATORY FUNCTION IN THE ELDERLY USING SOME MARTIAL ARTS EXERCISES
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1 IMPROVEMENT OF CARDIO-RESPIRATORY FUNCON IN THE ELDERLY USING SOME MARAL ARTS EXERCISES Cojocariu, A. (Cojocariu Adrian) 1 1 Alexandru Ioan CuzaˮUniversity of Iași - ROMANIA, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports, cadriano@uaic.ro Abstract The aim of the present study is to identify the martial arts exercises which to improve the cardio-respiratory function to the elderly. It was started from the hypothesis that using the psycho-corporal gymnastics exercises (Tam The), it is possible to improve the heart rate, blood pressure and pulmonary elasticity values to the elderly, which would lead to the strengthening of health. In this experiment it was included 8 subjects with normal health status, aged between 55 and 60 years. The experiment was carried out over a period of six months, twice a week, one hour per course. Following the present study, we state the TAM-THE exercises have proven its efficiency in improving the cardio-respiratory function to elderly, especially regarding the improvement of heart rate and systolic blood pressure at rest and also of pulmonary elasticity. Keywords: health, heart rate, blood pressure, pulmonary elasticity, psycho-corporal gymnastics, Qwan Ki Do. INTRODUCON Aging involves gradual and spontaneous changes, leading the individual through the ages of childhood and puberty, until the young adult period, after which a decline in adulthood and old age [1]. Today it is well known that a cardio-respiratory downward trend can be delayed much by using appropriate physical exercises, favoring the longevity [10]. In this context, two traditional Chinese martial arts, Qigong and Tai-Chi, seem to improve health of elders, as show the researches carried out at the University of Illinois [2,8]. Qigong and Tai Chi combines simple, graceful movements with meditation. Participants not only have demonstrated improved skills in laboratory tests, which measured the ability to maintain balance and power, but some of them said that the practice of Tai-chi and Qigong would be greatly improved mental and emotional state of them. Another study results [3] reveals that the Tai-Chi exercises carried out a long period lead to favourable effects in terms of balance, mobility and cardiovascular function in the elderly. Some studies have focused on Tai-Chi exercises effect to cardio-respiratory function in elderly. Thus, Tai-Chi can contribute beneficially, determining the delay of its decline [4,5]. It also was found the improving of oxygen uptake (VO 2 ) and peak oxigen uptake (VO 2 max) in elderly Tai-Chi practicioners [6,7] and a higher cutaneous microcirculatory function during exercise [11] in elderly. On the other hand, it seems Tai-Chi doesn t contribute significantly to improving the systolic and diastolic blood pressure [9]. The aim of the present study is to identify the martial arts exercises which to improve the cardiorespiratory function to the elderly. It was started from the hypothesis that using the psycho-corporal gymnastics exercises (Tam The), it is possible to improve the heart rate, blood pressure and pulmonary elasticity values to the elderly, which would lead to the strengthening of health. Note that at this time there are no studies in literature on the effects of Tam-The exercises to cardiorespiratory function in elderly. MATERIAL AND METHODS Subjects In this experiment it was included 8 subjects, aged between 55 and 60 years (Table 1). Table 1 Subjects of the study No Subjects Age (years) 1. S.B A.E T.V I.I F.I O.D U.C V.D. 57 The experiment was carried out over a period of six months, twice a week, one hour per course. 202
2 In the research it was used the investigations presented below. 1. Measurement of heart rate at rest In this measurement, it was used Beurer BM20 blood pressure monitor ( 2. Measurement of systolic and diastolic blood pressure at rest In this measurement, it was also used Beurer BM20 blood pressure monitor [12], simultaneously with heart rate determination. 3. Measurement of pulmonary (chest) elasticity In this determination was used a tailoring meter, calculating the difference (in centimeters) between the chest perimeter in forced inhale and forced exhale. The means used within the experiment It was used elements of TAM THE energy gymnastics, which are specific to Qwan Ki Do martial art [13]. Slow, circular and continues movements, using the principle of yin-yang to maintain and improve health, physical and spiritual development, are characteristics of TAM THE. Circular movements, together with certain breathing techniques, help the energy to flow easily through the meridians. Therefore, the limbs or trunk position should not create right angles to not block the flow of energy. I used three categories of exercises: warming up, basic and combined, which are presented below. Warming Up Exercises: - walking and easy running - 1 gym tour - running variants - 1 gym tour - analytical processing of musculoskeletal system exercises Basic Exercises, performed repetitive, with fluency and slow: 1. From sitting slightly tilted, leading arms forward, then back with the arms down with palms facing forward. 2. From sitting slightly tilted, lunge forward on the right leg with leading arms forward, the palms forward with the fingers facing up, and then pass the weight on the left leg with leading hands to the chest, palms facing toward the back. 3. From sitting slightly tilted, lateral lunge on the left leg with leading arms forward, the palms forward with the fingers facing up, and then pass the weight on the right leg with leading hands to the chest, palms facing toward the back. 4. The same on the other side. 5. From sitting slightly tilted, lunge forward on the right leg with leading arms forward, the palms forward with the fingers facing up, then arms rotation in a sense and in the other in the foreground and then pass the weight on the left leg with leading hands to the chest, palms facing toward the back. 6. The same on the other side. 7. From sitting slightly tilted, step back with the left leg twisting trunk to the left and carrying arms back on the left, return to the original position. 8. The same on the other side. 9. From sitting slightly tilted, step back with the left leg, bending the trunk forward with leading the right palm to the right foot, which is stretched knee, then return to the original position. 10. The same on the other side. Compound Exercises: It was used the combinations of the exercises listed above: ; 2-4; 5-6; 7-8; 7-9; It also has been carried out a large number of repetitions for the same combination, with slow and fluency movements. I have used the exercises gradually. In the first stage, subjects have worked to learn movements separately. Subsequently, I emphasized the balance and flexibility and then the movements were correlated with respiration, toward the end of experiment. To induce a suitable mental status, the exercises were carried out with soothing music. Statistical analyses For statistical processing we used the SPSS 17.0 for Windows - Student s paired t-test (Paired- Samples T Test) within group. The significance level for all analyses was set at p<0.05. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS By measuring heart rate at rest (Table 2 and Fig. 1), it was found the improvement of values in final testing, recording very significant differences in comparison with initial testing (p<0.001). 203
3 In this test, the homogeneity is very good, both in final (4.5%) and in initial testing (3.8%). It shall certify in good measure that effects of the use of Tam-The exercises occur in relatively equal measure on participants, as far as heart rate at rest. Table 2 Statistical analysis of initial and final results in measuring heart rate at rest Heart rate initial test Heart rate final test p * Average (beats/min) 82,25 77,37 p<0,001 Standard deviation 3,15 3,5 Variation coeficient 3,8 4,5 * significance 85 Heart rate (beats/min) ,25 77, initial test -final test Figure 1. The values obtained by subjects in initial and final test measuring heart rate at rest (data are in average). The results obtained in this determinations confirm similar results obtained in Tai-Chi exercises [3,4,5]. Regarding measurement of blood pressure (Tables 3-4 and Fig. 2-3), we also stated the significant decrease of values in final testing, in comparison with initial testing. We mention the fact the systolic blood pressure was improved obviously (p=0,002) in comparison with diastolic blood pressure (p=0,033). The very good homogeneity of systolic and diastolic blood pressure values certifies the positive influence of Tam-The exercises on all participants. Table 3 Statistical analysis of initial and final results in measuring systolic blood pressure at rest Systolic blood pressure initial test Systolic blood pressure final test p * Average (mmhg) 155,87 148,75 P=0,002 Standard deviation 4,48 5,06 Variation coeficient 2,87 3,4 * significance 204
4 Systolic blood pressure (mmhg) ,87 148, initial test -final test Figure 2. The values obtained by subjects in initial and final test measuring systolic blood pressure at rest (data are in average). Table 4 Statistical analysis of initial and final results in measuring diastolic blood pressure at rest Diastolic blood pressure initial test Diastolic blood pressure final test Average (mmhg) 90,0 87,5 P=0,033 Standard deviation 3,77 2,67 Variation coeficient 4,18 3,05 * significance p * 100 Diastolic blood pressure (mmhg) ,5 80 -initial test -final test Figure 3. The values obtained by subjects in initial and final test measuring diastolic blood pressure at rest (data are in average). 205
5 The results obtained in these tests are different in comparison with the results obtained in practicing Tai-Chi exercises [9] and they confirm the positive influence of Tam-The on blood pressure in elderly. Measuring the pulmonary elasticity (Table 5 and Fig. 4), we stated the very significant improvement of values in final testing, in comparison with initial testing (p=0,001). The homogeneity in this case is rising to very good. Table 5 Statistical analysis of initial and final results in measuring the pulmonary elasticity Pulmonary elasticity inițial test Pulmonary elasticity final test p * Average (cm) 5,5 7,0 P=0,001 Standard deviation 0,75 0,75 Variation coeficient 13,6 10,7 * significance 10 Pulmonary elasticity (cm) , initial test -final test Figure 4. The values obtained by subjects in initial and final test measuring pulmonary elasticity (data are in average). Thus, the results in determining the pulmonary elasticity attest the improving of respiratory function and confirm the previous studies [3,6,7]. CONCLUSIONS Following the present study, we state the TAM-THE exercises have proven its efficiency in improving the cardio-respiratory function to elderly. Thus, the research hypothesis was confirmed, especially regarding the improvement of heart rate and systolic blood pressure at rest and also of pulmonary elasticity. On the other hand, the results confirm and reinforce the already known scientific foundation of Qigong and Tai-Chi exercises usage (which are very accesible to elderly) in strengthening of health. The results obtained in present research, which attest also positive influences to elderly, offer perspective of some future investigations, regarding other positive influences of practicing TAM-THE by the persons in this age category. REFERENCES [1] Bogdan C. Elemente de geriatrie practică. București: Editura Medicală Romanian 206
6 [2] Christou EA. Rosengren KS. Yang Y. Taiji Training Improves Knee Extensor Strength and Force Control in Older Adults. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2003; 58(8): [3] Hong Y. Li JX. Robinson PD. Balance control, flexibility, and cardiorespiratory fitness among older Tai Chi practitioners. Br J Sports Med. 2000; 34: [4] Lai JS. Lan C. Wong MK. Teng SH. Two-year trends in cardiorespiratory function among older tai chi chuan practitioners and sedentary subjects. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 1995; 43(11): [5] Lai JS. Wong MK. Lan C. Chong CK. Lien IN. Cardiorespiratory responses of tai chi chuan practitioners and sedentary subjects during cycle ergometry. Journal of the Formosan Medical Association. 1993; 92(10): [6] Lan C. Chen SY. Lai JS. Wong MK. The effect of tai chi on. 1999; 31(5): [7] Lan C. Lai JS. Wong MK. Yu ML. Cardiorespiratory function, flexibility, and body composition among geriatric tai chi chuan practitioners. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 1996; 77(6): [8] Rosengren K. Quantification of Taiji Learning in Older Adults, Journal of American Geriatrics Society. 2003; 51:1-2. [9] Schaller KJ. Tai chi chih: An exercise option for older adults. Journal of Gerontological Nursing. 1996; 22(10): [10] Steinhaus LA. Dustman RE. Ruhling RO. Emmerson RY. Johnson SC. Shearer DE. Shigeoka JW. Bonekat WH. Cardio-respiratory fitness of young and older active and sedentary men. Br J Sports Med. 1988; 22(4): [11] Wang JS. Lan C. Wong MK. Tai chi chuan training to enhance microcirculatory function in healthy elderly men. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 2001; 82(9): [12] (accesed at ). [13] (accesed at ) ÎMBUNĂTĂȚIREA FUNCȚIEI CARDIO-RESPIRATORII LA PERSOANELE VÂRSTNICE PRIN ULIZAREA UNOR EXERCIȚII DIN ARTELE MARŢIALE Cojocariu, A. (Cojocariu Adrian) 1, 1 Universitatea Alexandru Ioan Cuzaˮdin Iași - ROMANIA, Facultatea de Educație Fizică și Sport cadriano@uaic.ro Rezumat Scopul studiului de față este acela de a identifica acele mijloace din artele marţiale care contribuie la îmbunătățirea funcției cardio-respiratorii la persoanele vârstnice. S-a pornit de la ipoteza că prin folosirea unor exerciții de gimnastică psiho-corporală (Tam The), provenite din arta marțială Qwan Ki Do, se pot îmbunătăţi valorile frecvenței cardiace, presiunii arteriale și elasticității pulmonare ale persoanelor vârstnice, care să conducă la consolidarea stării de sănătate. În acest studiu experimental am inclus 8 subiecți, cu vârste cuprinse între 55 și 60 ani. Experimentul s-a desfășurat pe parcursul a 6 luni, de două ori pe săptămână, câte o oră pe fiecare lecție. Ca urmare a cercetării de faţă, am constatat că exercițiile de gimnastică psiho-corporală Tam-The și-au dovedit eficiența în îmbunătățirea funcției cardiorespiratorii la subiecții vârstnici incluși în studiu, îndeosebi cu referire la îmbunătățirea valorilor frecvenței cardiace și ale presiunii arteriale sistolice de repaus, respectiv în ce privește elasticitatea pulmonară. Cuvinte cheie: sănătate, frecvență cardiacă, presiune arterială, elasticitate pulmonară, gimnastică psiho-corporală, Qwan Ki Do. INTRODUCERE 207
7 Îmbătrânirea implică schimbări graduale şi spontane, conducând individul prin vârstele copilăriei şi pubertătii, până la perioada de adult tânăr, după care are loc un declin până la vârsta adultă mijlocie şi marea bătrâneţe [1]. Astăzi este binecunoscut faptul că modificările cardio-respiratorii involutive datorate vârstei pot fi întârziate mult cu ajutorul exerciţiilor fizice adecvate, favorizând longevitatea [10]. În acest context, două forme de arte marţiale tradiţionale chineze, Qigong şi Tai-Chi, par să îmbunătăţească sănătatea bătrânilor, arată studiile realizate la Universitatea Illinois [2,8]. Qigong şi Tai-Chi combină mişcări simple, graţioase cu meditaţia. Participanţii nu numai că au demonstrat abilităţi îmbunătăţite în testele de laborator, care au măsurat capacitatea de a-şi menţine echilibrul şi puterea, însă o parte dintre ei au spus că practicile Tai-chi şi Qigong le-ar fi îmbunătăţit în mare măsură starea mentală şi emoţională. Întrun alt studiu [3] se relevă faptul că exercițiile de Tai-Chi efectuate o durată îndelungată exercită efecte favorabile in ceea ce privește echilibrul, mobilitatea și funcția cardiovasculară la vârstnici. Unele studii au vizat efectele exercițiilor de Tai-Chi asupra funcției cardio-respiratorii la vârstnici. Astfel, Tai-Chi-ul poate contribui benefic, determinând întârzierea declinului acesteia [4,5]. De asemenea, s- a constatat creșterea consumului de oxigen (VO 2 ) și a consumului maxim de oxigen (VO 2 max) la practicanții de Tai-Chi vârstnici [6,7], precum și intensificarea circulației periferice cutanate la vârstnici pe durata exercițiilor [11]. Pe de altă parte, se pare că Tai-Chi-ul nu contribuie semnificativ la îmbunătățirea valorilor presiunii arteriale sistolice și diastolice [9]. Scopul cercetării de față este acela de a identifica acele mijloace din arta marţială Qwan Ki Do care contribuie la îmbunătățirea funcției cardio-respiratorii la persoanele vârstnice. S-a pornit de la ipoteza că prin folosirea unor exerciții de gimnastică psiho-corporală (Tam The), provenite din arta marțială Qwan Ki Do, se pot îmbunătăţi valorile frecvenței cardiace, presiunii arteriale și elasticității pulmonare ale persoanelor vârstnice, care să conducă la consolidarea stării de sănătate. Menționăm faptul că la acest moment nu există studii în literatura de specialitate cu privire la efectele practicării Tam-The-ului asupra funcției cardio-vasculare la vârstnici. Material și metode Subiecţii cercetării În acest studiu experimental am inclus 8 subiecți cu stare de sănătate normală, fără afecţiuni cardiovasculare sau respiratorii, cu vârste cuprinse între 55 și 60 ani (tabelul nr. 1). Tabelul nr. 1 - Subiecţii cercetării Nr.crt Subiecții Vârsta (ani) 1. S.B A.E T.V I.I F.I O.D U.C V.D. 57 Experimentul s-a desfășurat pe parcursul a 6 luni, de două ori pe săptămână, câte o oră pe fiecare lecție. In cadrul cercetării am utilizat investigațiile prezentate mai jos. 1. Măsurarea frecvenței cardiace în repaus Această măsurare a fost efectuată cu ajutorul tensiometrului digital Beurer BM20 [12]. 2. Măsurarea presiunii arteriale sistolice și diastolice în repaus Această măsurare a fost efectuată, de asemenea, cu ajutorul tensiometrului digital Beurer BM20, în același timp cu determinarea frecvenței cardiace. 3. Măsurarea elasticității pulmonare (toracice) Această determinare a fost efectuată cu ajutorul metrului de croitorie, calculându-se diferența (în centimetri) dintre perimetrul toracic în inspir forțat și în expir forțat. 208
8 Mijloace utilizate în cadrul experimentului În cadrul experimentului am utilizat elemente de gimnastică energetică TAM THE, specifice artei marţiale Qwan Ki Do [13]. Caracteristică TAM THE-ului este mişcarea lentă, circulară, continuă, folosirea principiului yin-yang, cu scopul menținerii și îmbunătățirii sănătății, dezvoltării fizice şi spirituale a omului. Mişcarea circulară, însoțită de anumite tehnici de respirație, ajută energia să circule uşor prin meridiane, de aceea, poziţia membrelor sau a trunchiului nu trebuie să creeze unghiuri drepte pentru a nu bloca fluxul energetic. Am folosit trei categorii de execiții: de încălzire, de bază și combinate, prezentate în cele ce urmează. Exerciţii de încălzire: - mers și alergare ușoară - 1 tură de sală - variante de alergare - 1 tură de sală - exerciții de prelucrare analitică a aparatului locomotor Exerciţii de bază, executate repetitiv, cursiv și lent: 1. Din stând ușor depărtat, ducerea braţelor înainte, apoi revenire cu braţele jos, cu palmele orientate spre înainte. 2. Din stand ușor depărtat, fandare înainte pe piciorul drept cu ducerea braţelor înainte, palmele spre înainte cu degetele în sus, apoi trecerea greutății pe piciorul stâng cu ducerea mâinilor la piept, palmele orientate spre înapoi. 3. Din stand ușor depărtat, fandare laterală pe piciorul stâng cu ducerea braţelor înainte, palmele orientate spre înainte cu degetele în sus, apoi trecerea greutăţii pe piciorul drept cu ducerea mâinilor la piept, palmele orientate spre înapoi. 4. Idem, pe partea cealaltă. 5. Din stând ușor depărtat, fandare înainte pe piciorul drept cu ducerea braţelor înainte, palmele spre înainte cu degetele în sus, apoi efectuarea unei ușoare rotări de brațe într-un sens și în celălalt în plan frontal, apoi trecerea greutății pe piciorul stâng cu ducerea mâinilor la piept, palmele orientate spre înapoi. 6. Idem, pe partea cealaltă. 7. Din stând ușor depărtat, pășire înapoi cu piciorul stâng răsucirea trunchiului spre stânga și ducerea braţelor înapoi prin stânga, revenire la poziţia iniţială. 8. Idem, pe partea cealaltă. 9. Din stând ușor depărtat, pășire înapoi cu piciorul stâng, îndoirea trunchiului spre înainte cu ducerea palmei drepte la piciorul drept, care are genunchiul intins, apoi revenire la poziţia iniţială. 10. Idem, pe partea cealaltă. Exerciţii combinate S-au efectuat următoare combinații ale exercițiilor de mai sus: ; 2-4; 5-6; 7-8; 7-9; A fost efectuat, de asemenea, un număr mare de repetări ale aceleiași combinații, mișcările fiind lente și cursive. Am utilizat gradat exerciţiile prezentate, în primă fază subiecţii lucrând pentru a învăţa mişcările separat. Ulterior, am pus accentul pe echilibru și mobilitate articulară iar, spre finalul perioadei, mișcările au fost corelate cu respiraţia. Pentru inducerea unei stări psihice adecvate, exercițiile au fost efectuate pe muzică orientală liniștitoare. Prelucrarea statistică Pentru prelucrarea statistică a rezultatelor, am utilizat programul SPSS 17.0 for Windows - Student s paired t-test (Paired-Samples T Test). Pragul de semnificație pentru analizele effectuate a fost setat la p<0.05. REZULTATE ȘI DISCUȚII Prin măsurarea frecvenței cardiace de repaus (tabelul 2 și fig. 1), s-a constatat îmbunătăţirea valorilor la testarea finală, inregistrându-se o diferență puternic semnificativă față de testarea inițială (p<0,001). Omogenitatea în cazul de faţă este foarte bună, atât la testarea finală (4,5%), cât și la cea inițială (3,8%), ceea ce atestă în bună măsură faptul că efectele utilizării exercițiilor de Tam-The se manifestă în relativ egală măsură asupra subiecților, în ceea ce privește valorile frecvenței cardiace de repaus. 209
9 Tabelul nr. 2 Prelucrarea statistică a rezultatelor la testarea iniţială și cea finală la măsurarea frecvenței cardiac de repaus Frecvența cardiacă test inițial Frecvența cardiacă test final Media aritmetică (băt/min) 82,25 77,37 p<0,001 Deviaţia standard 3,15 3,5 Coeficient de variabilitate CV (%) 3,8 4,5 * pragul de semnificație p * 85 Frecvența cardiacă (băt/min) ,25 77, testare iniţială -testare finală Figura 1. Valorile obţinute de către subiecţi la testarea iniţială şi finală, la măsurarea frecvenței cardiace de repaus (media aritmetică) Rezultatele obținute la aceste determinări confirmă rezultate similare obținute ca urmare a practicării exercițiilor de Tai-Chi [3,4,5]. În ceea ce privește măsurarea presiunii arteriale (tabelele 3-4 și fig. 2-3), s-a constatat, de asemenea, scăderea semnificativă a valorilor la testarea finală, comparativ cu testarea inițială. Menționăm faptul că la presiunea arterială sistolică s-a consemnat o îmbunătățire mai evidentă (p=0,002),comparativ cu cea diastolică, unde p=0,033. Omogenitatea foarte bună a valorilor presiunilor arteriale sistolice și diastolice atestă faptul că efectele utilizării exercițiilor de Tam-The se manifestă în relativ egală măsură asupra tuturor subiecților. Tabelul nr. 3 Prelucrarea statistică a rezultatelor la testarea iniţială și cea finală la determinarea presiunii arteriale sistolice de repaus Presiunea arterială sistolică test inițial 210 Presiunea arterială sistolică test final Media aritmetică (mmhg) 155,87 148,75 P=0,002 Deviaţia standard 4,48 5,06 Coeficient de variabilitate 2,87 3,4 p *
10 * pragul de semnificație Presiunea arterială sistolică (mmhg) ,87 148,75 -testare iniţială -testare finală Figura 2. Valorile obţinute de către subiecţi la testarea iniţială şi finală, la determinarea presiunii arteriale sistolice de repaus (media aritmetică) Tabelul nr. 4 Prelucrarea statistică a rezultatelor la testarea iniţială și cea finală la determinarea presiunii arteriale diastolice de repaus Presiunea arterială diastolică test inițial Presiunea arterială diastolică test final Media aritmetică (mmhg) 90,0 87,5 P=0,033 Deviaţia standard 3,77 2,67 Coeficient de variabilitate 4,18 3,05 * pragul de semnificație p * 100 Presiunea arterială diastolică (mmhg) ,5 80 -testare iniţială -testare finală 211
11 Figura 3. Valorile obţinute de către subiecţi la testarea iniţială şi finală, la determinarea presiunii arteriale diastolice de repaus (media aritmetică) Rezultatele obținute în această situație diferă de cele cunoscute, în ccea ce privește exercițiile de Tai- Chi [9], confirmând influența pozitivă a exercițiilor de Tam-The asupra presiunii arteriale la vârstnici. Prin determinarea elasticității pulmonare (tabelul 5 și fig. 4), s-a constatat îmbunătăţirea valorilor la testarea finală, inregistrându-se o diferență puternic semnificativă față de testarea inițială (p=0,001). Omogenitatea în cazul de faţă este în creștere, spre foarte bună. Tabelul nr. 5 Prelucrarea statistică a rezultatelor la testarea iniţială și cea finală la determinarea elasticității pulmonare Elasticitatea pulmonară test inițial Elasticitatea pulmonară test final Media aritmetică (cm) 5,5 7,0 P=0,001 Deviaţia standard 0,75 0,75 Coeficient de variabilitate 13,6 10,7 * pragul de semnificație p * 10 Elasticitatea pulmonară (cm) , testare iniţială -testare finală Figura 4. Valorile obţinute de către subiecţi la testarea iniţială şi finală, la determinarea elasticității pulmonare (media aritmetică) Așadar, rezultatele la determinarea elasticității pulmonare atestă, într-o anumită măsură, îmbunătățirea funcției respiratorii la subiecții cercetării, confirmând astfel unele studii anterioare [3,6,7]. CONCLUZII Ca urmare a cercetării de faţă, am constatat că exercițiile de gimnastică psiho-corporală Tam-The șiau dovedit eficiența în îmbunătățirea funcției cardio-respiratorii la subiecții vârstnici incluși în studiu. Așadar, ipoteza cercetării a fost confirmată, îndeosebi cu referire la îmbunătățirea valorilor frecvenței cardiace și ale presiunii arteriale sistolice de repaus, respectiv în ceea ce privește elasticitatea pulmonară. 212
12 În altă ordine de idei, rezultatele confirmă și consolidează fundamentul științific, cunoscut deja parțial, al utilizării exercițiilor de Qigong sau Tai-Chi, ușor accesibile persoanelor în vârstă, pentru îmbunătățirea stării de sănătate. De asemenea, rezultatele obținute în cercetarea de față, care atestă influențe benefice asupra vârstnicilor, oferă perspectiva unor investigații ulterioare, în legătură cu practicarea gimnasticii psihocorporale Tam-The de către persoanele din această categorie de vârstă. BIBLIOGRAFIE [1] Bogdan C. Elemente de geriatrie practică. București: Editura Medicală Romanian [2] Christou EA. Rosengren KS. Yang Y. Taiji Training Improves Knee Extensor Strength and Force Control in Older Adults. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2003; 58(8): [3] Hong Y. Li JX. Robinson PD. Balance control, flexibility, and cardiorespiratory fitness among older Tai Chi practitioners. Br J Sports Med. 2000; 34: [4] Lai JS. Lan C. Wong MK. Teng SH. Two-year trends in cardiorespiratory function among older tai chi chuan practitioners and sedentary subjects. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 1995; 43(11): [5] Lai JS. Wong MK. Lan C. Chong CK. Lien IN. Cardiorespiratory responses of tai chi chuan practitioners and sedentary subjects during cycle ergometry. Journal of the Formosan Medical Association. 1993; 92(10): [6] Lan C. Chen SY. Lai JS. Wong MK. The effect of tai chi on. 1999; 31(5): [7] Lan C. Lai JS. Wong MK. Yu ML. Cardiorespiratory function, flexibility, and body composition among geriatric tai chi chuan practitioners. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 1996; 77(6): [8] Rosengren K. Quantification of Taiji Learning in Older Adults, Journal of American Geriatrics Society. 2003; 51:1-2. [9] Schaller KJ. Tai chi chih: An exercise option for older adults. Journal of Gerontological Nursing. 1996; 22(10): [10] Steinhaus LA. Dustman RE. Ruhling RO. Emmerson RY. Johnson SC. Shearer DE. Shigeoka JW. Bonekat WH. Cardio-respiratory fitness of young and older active and sedentary men. Br J Sports Med. 1988; 22(4): [11] Wang JS. Lan C. Wong MK. Tai chi chuan training to enhance microcirculatory function in healthy elderly men. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 2001; 82(9): [12] (accesed at ). [13] (accesed at ). 213
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