Dosage Administration

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1 Pharmacy Technician Dsage Administratin Dsage Administratin Dsage Frms and Their Usages Medicatins ften cnsist f small quantities f active ingredients cmbined with inactive ingredients t create varius dsage frms. Dsage frms are designed t help patients take their medicatins by imprving taste, appearance, stability, availability, and absrptin. Sme medicatins are prepared in mre than ne dsage frm. The pharmacy technician shuld ensure the dsage dispensed matches the dsage frm prescribed. Dsage Frms Enteral medicatins are given rally and pass thrugh the gastrintestinal tract t be absrbed int the bldstream and metablized by the liver. This includes ral, nasgastric, and rectal rutes. Parenteral medicatins are injected r placed int bdy tissues and d nt pass thrugh the liver befre entering the bldstream. They may include injectins, tpical, and inhalatin rutes. Generally in pharmacy, parenteral refers t injectin. Tpical and inhalatin rutes are separated int their wn rutes f administratin. Injectable drugs are usually in the frm f slutins r pwders. The pwders are mixed with a sterile diluent t render an injectable slutin. Inhalatin rutes f administratin are inhaled thrugh the muth r nse and usually act directly n the respiratry system befre entering the bldstream. They are ften used t treat respiratry diseases, but gases are inhaled fr general anesthesia as well. Dsage frms include: enteral and parenteral medicatins, injectable drugs, inhalatin and tpical medicatins. Tpical dsages are applied t the skin surface r a mucus membrane training.cm All Rights Reserved.

2 Pharmacy Technician Dsage Administratin Oral Slid Dsage Frm Capsules are cylinder-shaped cntainers made f gelatin filled with medicatin. Tablets vary in shape, clr, and weight; they can be frmulated t delay absrptin, extend the release f the medicatin, r change ther prperties f the medicatin. Types f tablets include: Buccal: placed in the buccal puch (area between the cheeks and the gums) Sublingual: placed under the tngue t disslve quickly Chewable: intended t be chewed befre swallwing; tablets will be specifically marked fr chewing Effervescent: disslve in a glass f water, shuld nt be chewed r swallwed; cntain mixtures r acid and sdium bicarbnate plus active ingredients Enteric cated: cated t prevent disslutins in the stmach Trches and lzenges: keep the medicatin in cntact with the muth; held in the muth while they disslve. Pills: riginally made frm pwdered raw materials such as rts, leaves and animal glands Peple ften refer t capsules and tablets as pills, hwever, prfessinals shuld refer t each dsage frm apprpriately. Oral slid dsage frms include: capsules and tablets. Prfessinals shuld refer t each dsage frm apprpriately. Cntrlled-Release Prducts Cntrlled-release prducts release medicatins ver an extended perid f time t avid high cncentratins f the medicatin in the digestive tract r t prvide lnger duratins f actin. Tablets, capsules, and in sme cases, medicatin particles are cated t release prtins f the medicatin int the bdy at specific times training.cm All Rights Reserved.

3 Pharmacy Technician Dsage Administratin Dsage frms cntain 2-4 times the regular dse f medicatin that is released ver 8-24 hurs. Cntrlled-release prducts are identified by their manufacturers with the fllwing acrnyms: LA: lng acting SA: sustained actin SR: sustained release CR: cntrlled release XR/XL: extended release TR: timed release Oral Liquid Dsage Frms Mst ral liquid dsage frms are disslved in water, alchl, r anther suitable slvent. Mst cntain sugar and flavring agents t imprve their taste. Slutins: slid ingredients usually disslved in water Recnstituting Pwders t Liquids: a specific amunt f distilled water is used t cnvert pwders and liquids int slutins r suspensins; deterirate quickly; effective fr days; require refrigeratin Many liquid antibitics are recnstituted pwders Elixirs: made f water and alchl with flavring substances intended fr ral use Fluid extracts and tinctures: made with water and/r alchl with plant extracts as the active ingredients Spirits r essences: made with a high percentage f alchl Must be stred in an airtight cntainer t prevent evapratin Syrups: made with sugar, water, and added active ingredients; may als cntain alchl Emulsins: made with il and water; il may settle at the tp; must be shaken befre dispensing Tpical Dsage Frms Tpical treatments are applied n the bdy. Mst tpical medicatins are used t treat the eyes, ears, and skin. These medicatins can als be applied r inserted as creams r suppsitries training.cm All Rights Reserved.

4 Pharmacy Technician Dsage Administratin Ointments: made with petrleum jelly; fr areas f the skin that need prtectin; leave an ily cating Creams: cmbinatin f il, water, and ther substances; less greasy and absrbed int the skin Ltins: applied mre easily ver a larger area f the bdy; similar t creams, but cntain mre liquid Liniments: used fr their heat-prducing effects; mixtures f varius substances in il alchlic slutins f sap r emulsins intended fr external applicatin. Gels: semi-slid suspensins r very small particles, usually in a water base Clldins: liquids that dry as flexible films n skin; wart and callus remvers are prepared as clldins Transdermal patches: designed fr prlnged actin, delivering cnstant medicatin frm 12 hurs t several days Examples: estrgens fr hrmne replacement; patches designed fr smking cessatin Suppsitries: made fr insertin int the rectum and vagina; manufactured in cylindrical, egg, r pear shapes; may be designed fr a lcal effect r systemic result Vaginal tablets and/r vules: inserted int the vagina upn the remval f an uter wrapping such as aluminum fil (e.g., Clecin Ovules- the term refers t eggs because the tablet is shaped like an egg.) Otic and phthalmic preparatins: ear (tic) medicatins are usually supplied in drplet bttles Ophthalmic (eye) medicatins must be sterile and can be supplied as drps r intments. Other Types f Dsage Frms Aersls: spray-able prducts that use pressurized gas and valve systems t deliver medicatins; used fr tpical applicatin t the skin r as an inhalant fr the lungs and nasal passages Chewing gum: medicatins are absrbed thrugh the mucus membranes; cmmn uses are nictine gum fr smking cessatin Parental medicatins: sterile preparatins that are injected with syringes Insulin is the mst cmmn parenteral medicatin. Questins training.cm All Rights Reserved.

5 Pharmacy Technician Dsage Administratin 1. Why are there s many different dsage frms? 2. Hw are tpical medicatins administered? training.cm All Rights Reserved.

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