ANALGESIC & ANTI INFLAMMATORY POTENTIAL OF POLYALTHIA LONGIFOLIA EXTRACT

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1 Page4576 Indo American Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 2016 ISSN NO: ANALGESIC & ANTI INFLAMMATORY POTENTIAL OF POLYALTHIA LONGIFOLIA EXTRACT Shivani Dhiman, Pankaj Pradhan *, Yogesh Sharma, Rohini Diwedi Himachal Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Nadaun, Himachal Pradesh. ARTICLE INFO Article history Received 24/02/2016 Available online 05/03/2016 Keywords Analgesic, Anti Inflammatory, Polyalthia Longifolia. Corresponding author Pankaj Pradhan Assistant Professor (Department of Pharmacognosy), Himachal Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Nadaun, Himachal Pradesh ABSTRACT The aim of the present study was to evaluate the intensity of the anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of Polyalthia longifolia on albino rat of either sex. The leaves of Polyalthia longifolia are an important herb used in folk eastern medicines. In this study, the hydro alcoholic extract of Polyalthia longifolia in doses of 200 mg/kg was used. Antiinflammatory activity was evaluated by measuring the mean decrease in hind paw volume after the sub planter injection of carrageenan. Result of the study shows that hydro alcoholic extract of the dose of 200 mg/kg body weight showed significant inhibition of paw oedema after 3, 4 & 5 hrs respectively. The analgesic activity was tested against acetic acid induced writhing response using albino rats. From this study, it can be concluded that the leaves of Polyalthia longifolia possess marked analgesic activity and is equipotent to standard drug (Aspirin). Polyalthia longifolia possesses several important pharmaceutical and pharmacological properties. The current study describes that leaves of Polyalthia longifolia has significant anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties. Conclusion of the study is that this herbal medicine can be used as an alternative therapy for the treatment of minor to moderate types of inflammation and as a painkiller. Please cite this article in press as Shivani Dhiman et al. Analgesic & Anti Inflammatory Potential of Polyalthia Longifolia Extract. Indo American Journal of Pharmaceutical Research.2016:6(02). Copy right 2016 This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Indo American journal of Pharmaceutical Research, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

2 Page4577 INTRODUCTION Medicinal herbs play an important role in health care throughout the world especially in non-industrial continents such as Africa, South America and parts of Asia. However, even in many industrialized countries, numbers of traditional herbs are still in use by a majority of people for minor to moderate everyday ailments for self-medication. [1] Since the beginning of human civilization, medicinal plants have been used by mankind for its therapeutic value. Nature has been a source of medicinal agents for thousands of years and an impressive number of modern drugs have been isolated from natural sources. Many of these isolations were based on the uses of the agents in traditional medicine. The plant-based, traditional medicine system continues to play an essential role in health care, with about 80% of the world s inhabitants relying mainly on traditional medicines for their primary health care. India has several traditional medical systems, such as Ayurveda and Unani, which has survived through more than 3000 years, mainly using plant-based drugs. The materia medica of these systems contains a rich heritage of indigenous herbal practices that have helped to sustain the health of most rural people of India. The ancient texts like Rig Veda ( BC) and Atharva Veda mention the use of several plants as medicine. The books on ayurvedic medicine such as Charaka Samhita and Susruta Samhita refer to the use of more than 700 herbs. According to the World Health Organization a medicinal plant is any plant, which in one or more of its organ contains substances that can be used for the therapeutic purposes or which, are precursors for the synthesis of useful drugs. This definition distinguishes those plants whose therapeutic properties and constituents have been established scientifically and plants that are regarded as medicinal but which have not yet been subjected to thorough investigation. The term herbal drug determines the part/parts of a plant (leaves, flowers, seeds, roots, barks, stems, etc.) used for preparing medicines. Furthermore, WHO (2001) defines medicinal plant as herbal preparations produced by subjecting plant materials to extraction, fractionation, purification, concentration or other physical or biological processes which may be produced for immediate consumption or as a basis for herbal products. Medicinal plants are plants containing inherent active ingredients used to cure disease or relieve pain. The use of traditional medicines and medicinal plants in most developing countries as therapeutic agents for the maintenance of good health has been widely observed. Modern pharmacopoeia still contains at least 25% drugs derived from plants and many others, which are synthetic analogues, built on prototype compounds isolated from plants. Interest in medicinal plants as a re-emerging health aid has been fuelled by the rising costs of prescription drugs in the maintenance of personal health and well being and the bioprospecting of new plant-derived drugs. The ongoing growing recognition of medicinal plants is due to several reasons, including escalating faith in herbal medicine. Furthermore, an increasing reliance on the use of medicinal plants in the industrialized societies has been traced to the extraction and development of drugs and chemotherapeutics from these plants as well as from traditionally used herbal remedies. The medicinal properties of plants could be based on the antioxidant, antimicrobial antipyretic effects of the phytochemicals in them. According to World Health Organization, medicinal plants would be the best source to obtain a variety of drugs. Therefore, such plants should be investigated to better understand their properties, safety and efficacy. Medicinal plants produce bioactive compounds used mainly for medicinal purposes. These compounds either act on different systems of animals including man, and/or act through interfering in the metabolism of microbes infecting them. Conversely, because information on the use of plant species for therapeutic purpose has been passed from one generation to the next through oral tradition, this knowledge of therapeutic plants has started to decline and become obsolete through the lack of recognition by younger generations as a result of a shift in attitude and ongoing socioeconomic changes. Furthermore, the indigenous knowledge on the use of lesser-known medicinal plants is also rapidly declining. Continuous erosion in the traditional knowledge of many valuable plants for medicine in the past and the renewal interest currently, the need existed to review the valuable knowledge with the expectation of developing the medicinal plants sector. In India, the ayurvedic system has described a large number of such medicines based on plants or plant product and the determination of their morphological and pharmacological or pharmacognostical characters can provide a better understanding of their active principles and mode of action. However a large number of tropical plants have not been studied in detail for their chemical constituents, pharmacological properties of the extracts, and their pharmacognostical characterization including DNA sequencing etc. [2-8] Polyalthia longifolia (Sonn.) Thwaites (Annonaceae), commonly known as Deodar in Hindi and Debdaru in Bengali, is a tall, evergreen, ornamental tree indigenous to India and found throughout the countries of the Indian subcontinent. It is planted throughout India as an ornamental tree. Traditionally the plant has been used in India for several medicinal purposes. Various parts of P. longifolia are used in treatment of fever, skin diseases, mouth ulcers, hypertension, helminthiasis, gonorrhea, uterine ailments, leucorrhoea and menorrhagia. Several phytochemical and pharmacological investigations are reported on this plant mainly on its stem bark and seeds. However, literature survey revealed that reports on the experimental studies on its leaf are comparatively less. In the present study, therefore, we have aimed to evaluate analgesic and laxative action of hydro alcoholic extracts from P. longifolia leaves.[9-11] Literature available from all possible scientific sources revealed very little research work on this selected medicinal plant, whereas tribes claim that P. longifolia, were used in treatment of various diseases and ailments, and they claim for their promising activity but there is no inbuilt scientific proof in support of the utility of this plant or plant products against diuretic and laxative activities. So, the present study is investigated to exploring the details of Analgesic and Anti- inflammatory action of hydro alcoholic extract from Polyalthia longifolia by using experimental animal models.

3 Page4578 MATERIALS & METHODS Plant material Leaves of Polyalthia longifolia were collected in October, 2015, from Bharouli, Himachal Pradesh, India. The species was authenticated by Mr. Vinod Sharma, Herbarium Incharge, Department of Botany, Rajasthan University, Jaipur. A voucher specimen was deposited in the herbarium of the Department of Botany, Rajasthan University, Rajasthan, India. The material was washed, shade dried, powdered, passed through sieve no. 60 and stored in air tight containers for experimental work. Preparation of Extract About 250 gm of dry powder was taken in a closed bottle and it was defatted with Petroleum ether. The deffating was continued for 9-10 days with occasional shaking. The Petroleum ether extract was filtered. The marc left after Petroleum ether deffating was taken out and dried under shade to get a dry mass, then extracted with Methanol and water (hydro alcoholic) by using cold maceration extraction. The extraction was continued for 9-10 days with occasional shaking. The hydro alcoholic extract was filtered, concentrated under reduced pressure to a semisolid mass and was made free from solvent. The final obtained extract was weighed; percentage yield was calculated and stored in a cool place. [12] Biological activity Animals Male Albino rats weighing gm were obtained from School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jaipur National University. All the animals were housed in clean metabolic cages placed in well ventilated house conditions (temperature: 28±1 C; photoperiod: 12 h natural and dark; humidity: 45-50%). The experimental protocols were approved by Institutional Animal Ethics Committee (IAEC No.- 008/2009/IAEC/JNU) after scrutinization. Analgesic Evaluation: Hotplate Method In this method Male albino rats ( g) were used for the study. The animals were segregated into three groups of six animals each. Group 1 - Normal saline solution, Group 2 - Aspirin as standard (25 mg/kg), Group 3 Hydro alcoholic extract (200 mg/kg), The dried extract and its fraction were formulated as a suspension in distilled water. Alcoholic extract and its various fractions were administered orally using intra-gastric tube. The pain threshold (Number of licking of paw/jumping) were measured at 20, 60, 90 min after administration of standard and test solution. [13] Anti- Inflammatory Evaluation: Carrageenan induced rat paw edema method The normal paw volumes of all the rats were measured initially and were divided into three groups (I-III) each comprises of six animals treated orally with the vehicle as control (2% gum acacia), standard diclofenac sodium 20mg/kg and hydro alcoholic extract of Polyalthia longifolia leaves 200 mg/kg respectively. The vehicle, drug and extract were administered 30 min. prior to the injection of 0.1ml of freshly prepared suspension of carrageenan in sub planter region of the right hind paw of each rat. The paw volumes of all the rats were recorded at 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 hours after carrageenan treatment by using plethysmometer. [14] RESULTS & DISCUSSION A plant may be considered as a biosynthetic laboratory, not only for the chemical compounds such as carbohydrates, proteins and lipids that are utilized as food by man, but also for a multitude of a compounds like glycosides, alkaloids, volatile oils, saponins, etc., that exert a physiological effect. The compounds that are responsible for therapeutic effects are usually the secondary metabolites. A systematic study of a crude drug embraces through consideration of both primary and secondary metabolites derived as a result of plant metabolism. The plant material may be subjected to preliminary phytochemical screening for the detection of various plant constituents. Analgesic Activity In this Present Study reveal that Hydro alcoholic extract of leaves of Polyalthia longifolia potent analgesic activity which is comparable to that of aspirin at the dose of 25 mg/kg of body weight [Table 1]. From this study, it can be concluded that the leaves of Polyalthia longifolia possess marked analgesic activity and is equipotent to standard drug (Aspirin). The present study establishes the use of Polyalthia longifolia leaves as regular analgesic. The plant has to be further explored for its phytochemical profile to identify the active constituent responsible for the above mentioned activities.

4 Page4579 Table 1: Analgesic activity of Hydro alcoholic extract Polyalthia longifolia leaves extract. S. No. Control (Vehicle) Time Standard Drug Hydro alcoholic Extract (200 mg/kg) (Minutes) (Aspirin 25 mg/kg) ± ± 0.15 (4.44%) 2.4 ± 0.21 (2.27%) ± ± 0.63 (28.38%) 5.00 ± 1.23 (15.49%) ± ± 0.74 (36.21%) 5.30 ± 1.25 (20.54%) ± ± 1.16 (50.8%) 5.40 ± (21.08%) Anti Inflammatory Activity Hydro alcoholic extracts of leaves of Polyalthia longifolia. (200 mg/kg body wt) showed potent anti-inflammatory activity when compared to control as well as positive control Diclofenac sodium (standard drug) group. This anti-inflammation activity was dose dependent and found to be statistically significant. Hydro alcoholic extract of the dose of 200 mg/kg body weight showed significant inhibition of paw oedema after 3, 4 & 5 hrs respectively. The results are shown in Table 2. The present study indicates that oral administration of hydro alcoholic extract of Polyalthia longifolia dependently improves the potent anti-inflammatory activity. The extract lowers the carrageenan induced rat paw oedema. Further pharmacological and biochemical investigations are essential to elucidate the mechanism of action. Table 2: Anti inflammatory activity of Hydro alcoholic extract Polyalthia longifolia leaves extract. Treatment Dose mg/kg Paw Volume after carrageenan (ml) 0h 1h 2h 3h 4h 5h Control 10 ml/kg 1.03± ± ± ± ± ± Standard 20 mg/kg 1.04± ± ± ± ± ± Hydro Alcoholic Extract 200 mg/kg 1.035± ± ± ± ± ± CONCLUSION Based on the results obtained from the present study, it can be inferred that test extracts had effective peripheral analgesic & anti inflammatory action. The results of the present study justify that the use of Polyalthia longifolia leaf in pain and inflammation in traditional medicine. Future investigation therefore needs to be carried out on the plant to isolate the actual analgesic & anti inflammatory agents and to elucidate the chemical structures of these components. More study also need to be done to establish the mechanism by which the plant exerts its pharmacological effect. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The authors are thankful to HIPER, Nadaun & JNU, and Jaipur for providing necessary facilities to carry out the research work. The authors are also thankful to the Mr. Ashok Sharma, Honorable Chairman, Himachal Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Nadaun & Dr. Parshuram Rai, Principal, HIPER, Nadaun for providing necessary facilities and financial support for this study.

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