Steven G. Kinsey, PhD Associate Professor, Department of Psychology West Virginia University

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1 Steven G. Kinsey, PhD Associate Professor, Department of Psychology West Virginia University

2 Any opinions expressed are my own and do not reflect any official position of WVU beanpot.co

3 Cannabinoids are cannabis-like compounds Plant-derived Marijuana, hashish, THC Synthetic Spice, K2, Buzz Endogenous i.e., endocannabinoids Naturally produced in the body solutions-recovery.com

4 Chemical classes Cannabinoids (100+) Nitrogenous cmpds (27) Amino acids(18) Proteins/ enzymes (11) Sugars (34) Hydrocarbons (50) Simple alcohols (7) Simple aldehydes (12) Simple ketones (13) Simple acids (21) Fatty acids (22) Simple esters/lactones (13) Steroids (11) Terpenes (20) Non-cannabinoid phenols (25) Flavoroids (21) Vitamins (1) Pigments (2) Elements (9) Total known compounds (483) O O H THC

5 Medical use in China Religious use in India Hashish use in Arab world Western world learns of bioactivity Marijuana Tax Act Medical use legalized in CA & AZ Synthetics banned by DEA Rec. use legalized in WA & CO 2700 BCE 2000 BCE s THC discovered (Israel) CB receptor cloned Endocannabinoids discovered

6 The high Mild euphoria and relaxation Perceptual alterations Time distortion Impaired cognition - memory recall Altered motor function - complex tasks

7 Peripheral effects: heart rate appetite, the munchies emesis (vomiting) intraocular pressure

8 heart rate appetite movement pain sensitivity muscle tone Self-administration Memory disruption theragblog.blogspot.com

9 THC tetrad effects in mice

10

11 Red = abundant CB 1 receptor expression Black = moderately abundant CB 1 receptor expression Adapted from Joy JE et al, eds. Marijuana and Medicine

12 Expression of the CB 1 Receptor Gene in Human Tissue Spleen Stomach Ileum Prostate Testis Placenta Uterus Myocardium Skeletal Muscle Liver Lung Kidney Spinal Cord Whole Brain Adipose Engeli S et al. Diabetes. 2005;54: Relative CB 1 Gene Expression (AU) 12

13 Presynaptic Neuron CB 1 CB 1 anandamide Postsynaptic Neuron 2-AG

14 Presynaptic Neuron JWH-018 JWH-018 THC CB 1 JWH-018 THC CB 1 THC Postsynaptic Neuron anandamide 2-AG

15 harmreductioncenter.blogspot.com

16 THC withdrawal Cannabis Use Disorder Affects ~2-6% of users 1 Disturbs sleep, GI function, emotionality Treatment Behavior modification No FDA approved pharmaceutical treatment 1. Hasin et al., 2016

17 Acute cannabis reduces anxiety & depression Withdrawal: Impairs daily activity anxiety, depression cravings Relapse to cannabis use

18 Trexler et al., in prep

19 Heavy use = same respiratory problems as tobacco use Tar & CO 3-5x higher than tobacco due to deep inhalation, holding in lungs, unfiltered Safety of edible forms untested

20 Herbal incense sold since 2002 includes synthetic cannabinoids Legal by state, not detectable by marijuana tests 2011: 11.4% 12 th graders used spice in prior 12 mo 1 1 Monitoring the Future 2011 leadrecoverycenter.com

21 Psychological: anxiety, psychosis, paranoia Physiological: nausea, hyperventilation, diaphoresis, pallor, seizures, numbness, muscle twitching Aka, Weaponized marijuana Beaconnews.ca

22

23 JWH = John W. Huffman Chemist at Clemson I thought it was sort of hilarious at the time then I started hearing about some of the bad results washingtonpost.com

24 Seely et al., 2013

25 How can we harness the positive effects of cannabinoids, without their negative side effects? No high = abuse

26 Mix of cannabinoids Approved in Canada for pain: Multiple sclerosis & cancer Side effects: dizziness, fatigue Phase III trials for neuropathic pain in cancer in US

27 Rimonabant (Acomplia): Significant reductions in body weight! But, suicidal ideation Pulled from market

28 Increase endocannabinoids Block the enzymes that break them down No need to administer cannabinoids!

29 Presynaptic Neuron MAGL JZL184 2-AG CB 1 CB 1 URB597 anandamide Postsynaptic Neuron FAAH 2-AG

30 Increase endocannabinoids Block the enzymes that break them down No need to administer cannabinoids! Target other receptors CB 2 receptors, others(?) Allosteric sites e.g., alcohol, benzodiazepines Do no bind directly to CB 1

31 Presynaptic Neuron MAGL 2-AG ZCZ011 CB 1 CB 1 ZCZ011 anandamide Postsynaptic Neuron FAAH 2-AG

32 CB 1 pos allosteric modulation blocks neuropathic pain in mice Ignatowska-Jankowska et al., 2015

33 Depression Anxiety Eating disorders Arthritis Epilepsy Brain injury/stroke Fibromyalgia Migraine Cancer (Anti-tumor) Tourette s syndrome Neurotrauma/Neurotoxicity Pain Memory enhancement Drug, Alcohol addiction Smoking cessation Spasticity (Multiple Sclerosis, spinal cord injury) Neurodegenerative disorders (ALS, Parkinson s, Alzheimer s)

34 Depression Anxiety Eating disorders Arthritis Epilepsy Brain injury/stroke Fibromyalgia Migraine Cancer (Anti-tumor) Tourette s syndrome Neurotrauma/Neurotoxicity Pain Memory enhancement Drug, Alcohol addiction Smoking cessation Spasticity (Multiple Sclerosis, spinal cord injury) Neurodegenerative disorders (ALS, Parkinson s, Alzheimer s)

35 Clinical use of cannabinoids Anti-emesis Chronic wasting Glaucoma intraocular eye pressure Neuropathic pain Epilepsy?

36 What about cannabidiol? Very little is understood about CBD, a plant-based cannabinoid Does not bind to cannabinoid receptors Seems to have some anti-inflammatory effects in rodents Effects in humans not well studied Keep in mind all plant-based cannabinoids are Schedule I compounds

37 What about cannabidiol? Either THC or CBD attenuate convulsions in rats CBD may be effective as antiepileptic in kids with Dravet syndrome Only 1 study to date, so replication is needed Again, access to CBD is limited due to Schedule I status

38 Take-home points Cannabinoids act on CB 1 (behavior) and CB 2 (immune) receptors Endocannabinoids are the natural ligands Enzyme inhibitors that increase ecbs block pain and inflammation in animals, unclear how effective in people Manipulation of different ecb system targets may have cleaner health applications than cannabis

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