Day 1 Bell Work We will be discussing one of FIVE excretory organs in the human body. We have already studied four of them. The kidneys are considered

Transcription

1 URINARY SYSTEM 1

2 Day 1 Bell Work We will be discussing one of FIVE excretory organs in the human body. We have already studied four of them. The kidneys are considered the main organ in the excretory system. Label the structures on your worksheet. Take a few minutes and briefly write down how each organ excretes waste from the human body. (Also, write down the new standard) 2

3 State Standards 45) Design a concept map of the structures of the urinary system, complete with associated explanations of the functions of each structure. Predict possible complications for each structure and outline methods to prevent the complications. 46) Identify the internal and external anatomy of the kidney. Analyze the blood supply that is required for functioning, the physiology of the nephrons, the process by which urine is formed, the pathways for excretion in males and females, and the chemical and nervous system control of urinary secretion. 3

4 Objectives Identify the structures and functions of the urinary system by creating a concept map. Analyze the physiology of the nephron and the pathway of urine. 4

5 URINARY SYSTEM AKA EXCRETORY SYSTEM REMOVES CERTAIN WASTES AND EXCESS WATER FROM BODY MAINTAINS ACID-BASE BALANCE Terms to Remember: Renal Nephrologist 5

6 URINARY STRUCTURES 2 KIDNEYS 2 URETERS BLADDER URETHRA (DRAW AND LABEL THESE) 6

7 KIDNEYS 2 BEAN-SHAPED ORGANS 7

8 KIDNEYS LOCATION: -BESIDE VERTEBRAL COLUMN -BEHIND ABDOMINAL CAVITY -CONSIDERED RETROPERITONEAL 8

9 KIDNEYS PROTECTED BY RIBS AND CUSHION OF FAT HELD IN POSITION BY CONNECTIVE TISSUE ENCLOSED IN ADIPOSE CAPSULE COVERED BY RENAL FASCIA OR FIBROUS CAPSULE 9

10 KIDNEYS DIVIDED INTO 3 MAIN SECTIONS: -Medulla, Cortex, and Renal Pelvis 10

11 OUTER SECTION OF KIDNEY CONTAINS MOST OF THE NEPHRONS (WHICH AID IN PRODUCTION OF URINE) CORTEX 11

12 MEDULLA INNER SECTION OF KIDNEY CONTAINS MOST OF THE COLLECTING TUBULES (WHICH CARRY THE URINE FROM THE NEPHRONS THROUGH THE KIDNEYS) 12

13 NEPHRONS MICROSCOPIC FILTERING UNITS IN THE KIDNEYS OVER ONE MILLION PER KIDNEY Look at your diagrams of the nephron. Color and annotate your diagram. 13

14 NEPHRONS CONSISTS OF: -GLOMERULUS -BOWMAN S CAPSULE -PROXIMAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE -DISTAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE -COLLECTING DUCT Video (6 minutes-take notes) =H2VkW9L5QSU 14

15 RENAL ARTERIES CARRY BLOOD TO KIDNEYS BRANCHES PASS THROUGH THE MEDULLA TO CORTEX WHERE BLOOD ENTERS THE GLOMERULUS 15

16 GLOMERULUS A CLUSTER OF CAPILLARIES FILTERS FROM THE BLOOD: WATER, SALT, SUGAR, METABOLIC PRODUCTS AND OTHER SUBSTANCES DOES NOT FILTER PROTEIN AND RBC SUBSTANCES FILTERED OUT ENTER BOWMAN S CAPSULE 16

17 BOWMAN S CAPSULE C-SHAPED STRUCTURE SURROUNDS GLOMERULUS IS THE START OF THE PROXIMAL TUBULE PASSES THE FILTERED MATERIALS INTO THE CONVOLUTED TUBLE 17

18 TUBULES FILTERED SUBSTANCES NEEDED BY THE BODY ARE REABSORBED AND RETURNED TO THE BLOOD CAPILLARIES MOST OF THE SUGAR, WATER AND SALTS ARE REABSORBED UREA, URIC ACID AND CREATININE REMAIN IN THE TUBULES 18

19 URINE MADE UP OF OF A CONCENTRATED LIQUID OR UREA, URIC ACID, CREATININE, MINERAL SALTS, PIGMENTS AND 95% WATER LIQUID WASTE PRODUCT PRODUCED BY URINARY SYSTEM PRESENCE OF SUGAR USUALLY INDICATES DISEASE 19

20 URINE ABOUT 1500 TO 2000CC (1 1/2-2 QTS) PRODUCED DAILY 150 QUARTS OF LIQUID FILTERED THROUGHT KIDNESY DAILY FROM BOWMAN S CAPSULE URINE ENTERS COLLECTING DUCTS OR TUBULES LOCATED IN MEDULLA 20

21 COLLECTING DUCTS LOCATED IN MEDULLA TUBULES CALYCES EMPTY INTO THE RENAL BASIN OR PELVIS (WHICH IS FIRST PORTION OF URETER) 21

22 URETERS TWO MUSCULAR TUBES INCHES LONG EXTENDS FROM RENAL PELVIS TO BLADDER PERISTALSIS MOVES URINE 22

23 BLADDER HOLLOW MUSCULAR SAC LOCATED BEHIND SYMPHYSIS PUBIS MIDLINE IN PELVIC CAVITY LINED WITH MUSCOUS MEMBRANE 23

24 BLADDER MUCOUS MEMBRANE ARRANGED IN FOLDS CALLED RUGAE RUGAE DISAPPEARS AS BLADDER EXPANDS 24

25 BLADDER FUNCTIONS RECEIVES URINE FROM URETERS STORES URINE UNTIL EXPELLED FROM BODY 25

26 BLADDER MUSCLES Internal urinary sphincter - involuntary control Micturition - expulsion of urine from bladder External urinary sphincter - voluntary control 26

27 URETHRA TUBE THAT CARRIES URINE FROM BLADDER TO OUTSIDE EXTERNAL OPENING CALLED URINARY MEATUS DIFFERENT IN MALE AND FEMALE 27

28 FEMALE URETHRA -FEMALES: URETHRA ABOUT 1 1/2 LONG -OPENS IN FRONT OF VAGINA -CARRIES ONLY URINE 28

29 MALE URETHRA -MALES: ABOUT 8 LONG AND S-SHAPED -PASSES THROUGH PROSTATE GLAND AND THROUGH THE PENIS -CARRIES BOTH URINE AND SEMEN 29

30 Activities Create a large concept map of the kidneys and it s functions specifically the route and formation of urine. OR Create a layered 2D model or flipbook of a kidney including its layers, structures (including vessels) with labeled functions. 30

31 Day 2 Bell Work Go to the following link: 6.htm Define necrosis. Is it reversible? What do organs look like that are necrotic? 31

32 State Standards 45) Design a concept map of the structures of the urinary system, complete with associated explanations of the functions of each structure. Predict possible complications for each structure and outline methods to prevent the complications. 46) Identify the internal and external anatomy of the kidney. Analyze the blood supply that is required for functioning, the physiology of the nephrons, the process by which urine is formed, the pathways for excretion in males and females, and the chemical and nervous system control of urinary secretion. 32

33 Objectives Define and describe possible complications of the structures of the urinary system. Analyze possible preventative methods and treatments for urinary diseases/disorders. Let s review! (Crash Course Urinary part 1) 33

34 POLYURIA EXCESS URINATION 34

35 OLIGURIA BELOW NORMAL AMOUNT OF URINE 35

36 ANURIA ABSENCE OF URINE 36

37 HEMATURIA BLOOD IN URINE 37

38 NOCTURIA URINATION AT NIGHT 38

39 DYSURIA PAINFUL URINATION 39

40 RETENTION INABILITY TO EMPTY BLADDER 40

41 INCONTINENCE INVOLUNTARY URINATION 41

42 DISEASES OF THE URINARY SYSTEM 42

43 CYSTITIS Inflammation of the urinary bladder usually due to an ascending urinary tract infection. Symptoms: decreased bladder capacity, an urgent need to urinate frequently day and night, feelings of pressure, pain, and tenderness around the bladder and pelvis. Treatment: antibiotics 43

44 NEPHRITIS Nephritis is a term used to clinically denote a group of renal disorders associated with hypertension, decreased renal function, hematuria, and edema. Nephritis is a noninfectious inflammatory process involving the nephron; glomerulonephritis (GN) generally is a more precise term. 44

45 PYELONEPHRITIS Pyelonephritis is a kidney infection, usually from bacteria that have spread from the bladder. Possible causes of kidney infection include the following: -infections in the bladder -use of a catheter to drain urine from the bladder -use of a cystoscope to examine the bladder -surgery on the urinary tract -conditions such as prostate enlargement and kidney stones that prevent the efficient flow of urine from the bladder -effects or abnormalities in the urinary tract that block the flow of urine 45

46 Symptoms of Pyelonephritis -back, side, and groin pain -urgent, frequent urination -pain or burning during urination -fever -nausea and vomiting -pus and blood in the urine 46

47 RENAL CALCULI Kidney stones, also called renal calculi, are solid concretions (crystal aggregations) of dissolved minerals in urine; calculi typically form inside the kidneys or bladder. The terms nephrolithiasis and urolithiasis refer to the presence of calculi in the kidneys and urinary tract, respectively. Symptoms of kidney stones include: -Colicky pain: "loin to groin". Often described as the "the worst pain I've ever experienced" -Hematuria: blood in the urine, due to minor damage to inside wall of kidney, ureter and/or urethra -Dysuria: burning on urination when passing stones (rare). More typical of infection. -Oliguria: reduced urinary volume caused by obstruction of the bladder or urethra by stone, or extremely rarely, simultaneous obstruction of both ureters by a stone. -Nausea/vomiting 47

48 Renal Calculus (stones) 48

49 RENAL FAILURE Renal failure or kidney failure is a situation in which the kidneys fail to function adequately. It is divided in acute and chronic forms; either form may be due to a large number of other medical problems. Acute renal failure (ARF) is a rapidly progressive loss of renal function, generally characterized by oliguria (decreased urine production, quantified as less than 400 ml per day in adults; body water and body fluids disturbances; and electrolyte derangement. An underlying cause must be identified to arrest the progress, and dialysis may be necessary to bridge the time gap required for treating these fundamental causes. ARF can result from a large number of causes. Chronic renal failure can either develop slowly and show few initial symptoms, be the long term result of irreversible acute disease or be part of a disease progression. There are many causes of CKD. The most common cause is diabetes mellitus. 49

50 Renal Failure 50

51 Dialysis treatment of Renal Failure Two types: Hemodialysis Peritoneal dialysis What is the difference? 51

52 Group Activity With your small group: 1 st, create music lyrics (rap works best) based on the various terms related to urine output or the lack of. Putting information to music often helps you remember things right?! 2 nd, click the following link and write down methods of preventing urinary problems. oab/tc/urinary-problems-and-injuries-age-12- and-older-prevention 52

53 Individual Extended Learning What is renal hypertension? Read the two articles above. Write a 3 paragraph summary based on the information including a description of renal hypertension, causes, prevention, and treatments. 53

54 Finally, let s dissect some pig kidneys!! 54

55 Group Activity Go to the Quizlet link. Make your own oversized and creative flashcards of the pathway of urine. One side should denote the structure. One side should describe what occurs at each location. Practice with a partner putting them in order and quizzing yourselves. (Place them in order on the floor.we now have a concept map)!! 55