URINARY SYSTEM. Urinary System
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1 URINARY SYSTEM Urinary System
2 Kidney Functions Excretion Regulation of blood volume and pressure Regulation of electrolyte and ph levels
3 Kidney Structure Gross Anatomy Fibrous Capsule Renal Cortex Renal Columns Renal Medulla Renal Pyramids Renal Pelvis Minor Calyx Major Calyx Renal Hilum Renal Artery and Vein Ureter
4 Structure Cont d Microscopic Nephron Renal Corpuscle Glomerulus Afferent arterioles Efferent arterioles Glomerular Capsule Found in Cortex Produce Glomerular Filtrate
5 Structure Cont d - Tubules Proximal Convoluted Tubule Nephron Loop Descending Ascending Distal Convoluted Tubule Peritubular Capillaries Collecting Duct
6 Formation of Urine Filtration Glomerular filtrate Filtration Membrane Fenestrated endothelium of capillary Filtration slits in capsule Basement membrane What gets filtered out? Water, electrolytes, glucose, fatty acids, amino acids, nitrogenous wastes, and vitamins Glomerular Filtration Rate
7 Structure of Glomerulus Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Podocyte cell body Interlobular artery Afferent arteriole Glomerulus Foot processes (separated by narrow filtration slits) Efferent arteriole (a) 100 µm (b) 5 µm Capsular space Podocyte Foot processes Filtration slits Basement membrane Filtration pore Endothelial cell Blood plasma (c) 0.5 µm Erythrocyte Figure a-c 23-7 a: Copyright by R.G. Kessel and R.H. Kardon, Tissues and Organs: A Text-Atlas of Scanning Electron Microscopy, 1979, W.H. Freeman, All rights reserved; b: Don Fawcett/Photo Researchers, Inc.; c: Barry F. King/Biological Photo Service
8 Filtration Pores and Slits Turned back: Blood cells Plasma proteins Large anions Protein-bound minerals and hormones Most molecules > 8 nm in diameter Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Endothelial cell of glomerular capillary Basement membrane Filtration slit Filtration pore Foot process of podocyte Passed through filter: Water Electrolytes Glucose Amino acids Fatty acids Vitamins Urea Uric acid Creatinine Figure Bloodstream 23-8 Capsular space
9 Formation of Urine Cont d Tubular Reabsorption STILL FILTRATE NOT YET URINE!!!!!!!!! PCT reabsorbs the majority of the glomerular filtrate The nephron loop and DCT work to absorb more water Tubular Secretion Extracts chemicals from blood and secretes them into filtrate Water Conservation
10 ADDITIONAL STRUCTURES
11 Ureters Anatomy Mucosa Muscle Layer Adventitia Function Transportation of Urine
12 Urinary Bladder Anatomy Mucosa Transitional Epithelium Rugae Muscle Layer Detrusor Muscle Adventitia and Parietal Peritonium Trigone Function Holds Urine Micturition reflex
13 Neural Control of Micturition Full urinary bladder Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Involuntary micturition reflex Sensory fiber Pelvic nerve 1 Motor fiber To pons From pons Sacral segments of spinal cord S2 S Stretch receptors detect filling of bladder, transmit afferent signals to spinal cord. Signals return to bladder from spinal cord segments S2 and S3 via parasympathetic fibers in pelvic nerve. Efferent signals excite detrusor muscle. Efferent signals relax internal urethral sphincter. Urine is involuntarily voided if not inhibited by brain. Voluntary control For voluntary control, micturition center in pons receives signals from stretch receptors. Stretch receptors Motor fibers to detrusor muscle Internal urethral sphincter (involuntary) External urethral sphincter (voluntary) 4 Urethra 8 3 Parasympathetic ganglion in bladder wall Somatic motor fiber of pudendal nerve Figure S If it is timely to urinate, pons returns signals to spinal interneurons that excite detrusor and relax internal urethral sphincter. Urine is voided. If it is untimely to urinate, signals from pons excite spinal interneurons that keep external urethral sphincter contracted. Urine is retained in bladder. If it is timely to urinate, signals from pons cease and external urethral sphincter relaxes. Urine is voided.
14 Urethra Conveys urine out of the body External Urethral Orifice Internal and external urethral sphincters
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