Index. B Betalains, 183 Betanin, 182, 183

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1 A Aberrant DNA methylation, 175 Acridine orange (AO), 106, , 143 Aneuploidy FISH analysis chromosome-specific DNA probe, 29 globozoospermia, 35 hormone treatment, human chromosomes, 29 human infertility, 28 injection) Klinefelter syndrome, 29 male-factor sterility, 28 mitotic/meiotic divisions, 28 normozoospermic males, OAT patients, 35 oligoasthenoteratozoospermia, 34 pathological conditions, 29, 30 spermatogonia, 28 sperm karyotyping, 30 sperm morphology, 35 heritable chromosomal anomaly, 15 Robertsonian translocation, 42 sex chromosomes, 15 structural aberrations, 17 Aniline blue (AB) assay, Antioxidants betalains, 183 carnitine, control before and after treatments, 178 cryopreservation, 143 double blind vs. placebo, 178 nutraceutical, 176 oxidative sperm DNA damage, 110 seminal plasma, 144 vitamin C (ascorbic acid), 180 Assisted reproduction technology (ART) infertile men, 138 sperm DNA quality HA (see Hyaluronic acid (HA) binding) IMSI, IVF/ICSI, physiological HA-ICSI, sperm motility and DNA integrity, 157 zona pellucida (ZP), 160, B Betalains, 183 Betanin, 182, 183 C camp response modulator (CREM), 87 Chemotherapy, 120, 126 Chromatin structure astenozoospermic infertile men, 119 cancer treatments, 126 capacitation, 118 chemotherapy, 120 disulfide ( SS-) bridges formation, 119 DNA compaction AB and TB assays, CMA3, 124 HDS, 125 mbbr labeling, DNA damage AO/SCSA, comet assay, 122 E. Baldi and M. Muratori (eds.), Genetic Damage in Human Spermatozoa, Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 791, DOI / , Springer Science+Business Media New York

2 192 Index Chromatin structure (cont.) DNA oxidation determination, interpretation of, 8 9 SCD assay, 123 TUNEL assay, 122 DNA methylation and histone modifications, 120 ejaculation, 5, 6 environmental toxicants, epididymis, 120 evaluation of, 121 female reproductive tract, 118 genomic material, 118 histone isoforms, 119 homeostasis, 2 ngpx4, 119 prostatic fluid, 6, 7 seminal plasma, 7 seminal vesicular fluid, 7 8 spermatocytogenesis, spermatozoon, sperm protamines, 3 4 zinc, 4 5 zinc (Zn2+ ), 119 zona pellucida, 118 Chromomycin A3 labeling (CMA3), 124 Chromosomal translocations reciprocal translocations, Robertsonian translocations, 40 Comet assay, , 122 CoQ10 (ubiquinone), 181 Cryobiology cryoprotectant media, 140, 141 dehydration, 139 freeze/thaw phase changes, 139 glycerol protected sperm cells, 138 homoeostatic control mechanisms, 138 lipid peroxidation, 140 nitrogen vapour, 141 non-permeating cryoprotectants, 141 thawed hypertonic solution, 139 Cryopreservation ART, 138 cryobiology (see Cryobiology) genotoxic chemotherapy/radiotherapy, 138 Hodgkin s and non-hodgkin s diseases, 138 ICSI, 138 rapid freezing, 141 slow freezing, sperm DNA integrity acridine orange (AO), 143 aetiology, 145 antioxidant activity, 143 ART techniques, 147 comet assay, 144 DNA repair enzyme defects, 146 human and rabbit sperm, 142 ICSI, 147 intrauterine insemination, 147 mitochondrial membrane, 142 8OHdG, 145 plasma membrane, 142 reactive oxygen species (ROSs), 142, 143 seminal plasma, 144 sperm motility and speed, 142 TUNEL assay, 144 in vitro antioxidant supplementation, 143 testicular cancer, 138 Cytosine-phosphate-guanine dinucleotide islands (CpG island), 58 D Decreases fragmentation (DFI) and high sperm nucleus decondensation, 185 isolated suboptimal DNA fragmentation, 184 very high isolated DNA fragmentation, De novo mutation rate, Disulfide bridges dithiothreitol, 5 Zinc binding, 9 Zn2+ and thiols, 5 DNA damage antioxidant therapy, assisted reproductive treatment (ART) antioxidants, 110 clinical use of, 110, 111 comet assay, 109 halo test, 107 ICSI, 105 impaired embryo development, 104 male infertility, 106 miscarriage and birth defects, 104 sperm concentration and morphology, 104 sperm quality and function, 110 childhood health-related issues, 104 clinical use of, 111, 112 intratesticular and intraepididymal mechanisms, 153 and IVF/ICSI fertilization, embryo quality- development rate, 155 male germ line, 110

3 193 male infertility diagnosis, oxidative stress (OS), 108 paternal age, 110 semen analysis, sperm chromatin structure AO/SCSA, comet assay, 122 DNA oxidation determination, SCD assay, 123 test comet assay, SCD/halo test, 107 SCSA, TUNEL assay, 107 testicular endogenous nuclease activity, 153 DNA detrimental figures, 182 DNA fragmentation index (DFI), 105 DNA hypomethylation, 58 DNA methylation, 69, 70, E Embryogenesis male infertility, 63 maternal and paternal haploid genomes, 54 paternal epigenetic landscape, 61 paternal genetic influences, 54 zygotic genome, 55 Epigenome chromatin, DNA methylation and histone modifications, embryogenesis, 54 epigenetics and infertility, histone-bound DNA, 55 MARs, 57 nuclear matrix, 57 postfertilization epigenetic remodeling, protamines, F Fetal testis formation, Fibroblastic growth factor receptor (FGFR) genes, 21 Fluorescent insitu hybridization (FISH) aneuploidy chromosome-specific DNA probe, 29 globozoospermia, 35 hormone treatment, human chromosomes, 29 human infertility, 28 injection) Klinefelter syndrome, 29 male-factor sterility, 28 mitotic/meiotic divisions, 28 normozoospermic males, OAT patients, 35 oligoasthenoteratozoospermia, 34 pathological conditions, 29, 30 spermatogonia, 28 sperm karyotyping, 30 sperm morphology, 35 hamster egg method, 16 Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), G Genomic changes, aging male chromosomal alterations aneuploidies, structural aberrations, epidemiological data, 14 father s age effect, disease risk de novo mutation rate, male gametes, telomeres, 22 sperm DNA damage, sperm-specific approach, 23 Globozoospermia, 35 Glutathione, 182 H Hamster-egg penetration test, 15 High DNA stainability (HDS), 125 Histones aberrant acetylation, 62 alkaline proteins, 55 epigenetic modifications, 54 human sperm chromatin, 3 maternal oocyte, 57 nucleosomes, 54, 55 tail modification, Homocysteine, 175, 182 Hyaluronan-binding assay (HBA), 161 Hyaluronic acid (HA) binding HBA, 161 immature spermatozoa, 161 mature sperm, 161 natural fertilization human oocytes, 161 physiological ICSI, sperm membrane remodeling, 160

4 194 Index I Indicaxanthine, 182, 183 Interchromosomal effect (ICE), Intracytoplasmic morphologically selected sperm injection (IMSI), Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), 105 ART procedure, 37 chromosomal disomy and diploidy, 37 fertilization, embryo quality-development rate, 155 hyaluronic acid (HA), 37 OAT male, 36 prenatal karyotypes, 36 testicular or epididymal sperm, 37 unbalanced chromosomal constitution, 29 In vitro fertilisation (IVF), 105 fertilization, embryo quality-development rate, 155 K Kartagener syndrome, 35 Klinefelter syndrome (KS), L Leydig cells, 70 M Male fertility cryopreservation, 138 DNA methyltransferase activity, 62 environmental exposures endocrine disruptors, 67 epigenetic and transgenerational effects, fetal testis development, male reproductive system, 68 molecular processes, fetal development, noninfectious diseases, 68 testis cell biology and fertility, testis development and biology, Male gametes, Male infertility aneuploidy asthenozoospermia, 34, 36 chromosomal translocations (see Chromosomal translocations) chromosomal unbalance, 39 injection (ICSI)) Klinefelter syndrome (KS), oligozoospermia, teratozoospermia, 34, 35 47,XYY males, DNA damage, Matrix attachment regions (MARs), 57, 87 Monobromobimame (mbbr) thiol group labeling, N Nonobstructive azoospermic (NOA), 37 Normozoospermic males, Nuclear isoform of glutathione peroxidase (ngpx4), 119 O Oligoasthenoteratozoospermia (OAT), 35 Organophosphorus pesticide (OP), 127 Oxidative stress (OS), oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine (8OHdG), 145 P Paternal age effect (PAE) disorders, 21 Prostatic secretion, 7 Protamination, 124, 126, 127 Protamine arginine residues, 84 epigenome cysteine bases, 55 male germ cells, 54 paternal chromatin, 57, 60 sperm genome, 54 toroid, 55 gene cluster, 86 histone-type proteins, 85 mrnas, 96 nucleohistone nucleoprotamine transition, 97 P1 and P2 protamine family, 84 polymorphisms and mutations, potential function, protamine like proteins, 85 protamine-type proteins/true protamines, 85 protein content, transcription and translation, Protamines, 3 4 Protamine thiols, 4 6

5 Q Quercetin, 182, 183 R Reciprocal translocations ICE, meiotic behavior, 40 Reduced glutathione, 181 Ribonucleoproteins (RNPs), 87 Robertsonian translocations, 40 S Selenium (Se), Seminal vesicular secretion, 7 Seminiferous tubules, 70 Sertoli cell, 70 Sex chromosome disomies, 31 Single-cell gel electrophoretic test, 105 Somatic mutations, 21 Spermatogenesis, 73 Sperm chromatin dispersion (SCD) assay, 107, 123 Sperm chromatin structure assay (SCSA), , Sperm epigenetics and infertility, Sperm nucleus condensation, 176 Sperm protamines, 3 4 Structural chromosome aberrations, Stump tail syndrome, 35 Superoxide dismutase (SOD), 176, T Telomeres, 22, 175 Terminal transferase dutp nick end labelling (TUNEL) assay, 107 Testis, 71, 73 Tocopherol, 180 Toluidine blue (TB) assay, Transgenerational inheritance phenomenon, 69 V Vitamin C (ascorbic acid), 180 Vitamins A and E, Z Zinc supplementation, 179, 180 Zona-bound spermatozoa,