Influence of diet on life table and population growth parameters of predatory mite Neoseiulus barkeri (Hughes) (Acari: Phytoseiidae)

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1 International Research Journal of Applied and Basic Sciences 26 Available online at ISSN X / Vol, (5): Science Explorer Publications Influence of diet on life table and population growth parameters of predatory mite Neoseiulus barkeri (Hughes) (Acari: Phytoseiidae) Maryam Rezaie, Reza Javan Nezhad 2. Zoology Research Department, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran. 2. Department of Meteorology, Science and Research branch, Islamic Azad university, Tehran, Iran. Corresponding Author marezaie@ut.ac.ir ABSTRACT: The predatory mite Neoseiulus barkeri (Hughes) is the most important and wide distributed phytoseiid mite. This predatory mite fed on plant injurious mite and small insect pests. Neoseiulus barkeri has been collected from cucumber infested with two- spotted spider mite. Life tables of this predatory mite were studied on onion thrips (Thrips tabaci Lind (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)), two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae)) and corn pollen, first larvae of onion thrips and egg mites were used as prey. This research was investigated in the laboratory by using the mulbery excised leaf method in petri dishes at 27± C, 6L: 8D photoperiod and 7-8% RH. Data were analyzed based on the age- stage, two- sex life table theory. Adult longevity () on three diets did not show any significant difference, but adult longevity () on corn pollen were significantly shorter than those reared on T. tabaci and T. urticae. Preimaginal developmental time showed a significant difference in the mentuioned treatments. The lifetime fecundities were 23.58, 8.67 and 26. offspring on T. tabaci, T. urticae and corn pollen respectively. The intrinsic rate of increase (r m ) on T. tabaci, T. urticae and corn pollen were.62d -,.7 d - and.3 d - respectively and show a significant difference. Net reproduction rate (R ) and Finite rate of increase (λ) on three diets were not different. The mean generation time on T. tabaci, T. urticae and corn pollen showed a significant difference. With attention to observed results, N. barkeri is a general predator and can play an important role in the biological control of T. urticae and T. tabaci. Corn pollen was suitable alternative food for this predator. INTRODUCTION The predatory mite Neoseiulus barkeri (Hughes) (Acari: Phytoseiidae) is a generalist predator, able to develop on a wide range of natural and factitious foods (Vantornhout et al., 2). It is considered one of the most important biocontrol agent of the two-spotted spider mite (Karag et al., 987; Fouly & EL-Laithy, 992; Momen, 995) or other pest such as, Polyphagotarsonemus latus (Banks) (Fan & Petitt, 99), Bemisia tabaci Gennadius (Nomikou et al., 2), Thrips tabaci Lind (Hansen, 988; Bonde, 989; Wu et al., 2), Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Ramakers & van Lie burg, 982), Stenotarsonemus laticeps (Halbert) (Messelink and Van Holstein, 26), Aleuroglyphus ovatus Troupeau (xia et al.,22), Oligonychus afrasiaticus (McGreor) (Negm et al., 2).This predatory mite can be fed on plant pollen (Bond, 989). It is widely distributed to all countries (Moraes et al., 2). Studies are available on different ecological aspects of this predator, including biology (Brodsgarrd & Hansen, 992; Houten et al., 995; Negm et al., 2); feeding (Momen, 995); Functional response (Fan & Petitt, 99; Wu et al., 2), biological control (Fan & Petitt, 99) and effect of abiotic factors such as temperature (Bond, 989; Jafarie et al., 22). Some of phytoseiid mites utilize pollen as a food source and develop and reproduce on a pollen diet as well (Tanigoshi et al., 993; Yue & Tsai, 996; van Rijn & Tanigoshi, 999; Nomikou et al., 23). They require pollen for successful development and reproduction (Addison et al., 2). The nutritional value of pollen varies between plant species and thus the developmental periods and reproductive response of phytoseiid mites to different pollen can also be quite variable (Tanigoshi et al., 993;Yue et al., 99: Yue & Tsui, 996).

2 Intl. Res. J. Appl. Basic. Sci. Vol., (5), 67-72, 26 The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare biological parameters of N. barkeri on on three diets (onion thrips (T. tabaci (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)), two- spotted spider mite (T. urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae)) and corn pollen, first larvae of onion thrips and egg mite were used as prey. In this study, the life history and expected intrinsic growth rate on three diets were tested. METHODS Colony Neoseiulus barkeri has been collected from cucumber field infested with two-spotted spider mite of Khoramabad, Lorestan province of Iran and maintained on leaves of bean which were infested with the spider mite. The stock culture of N. barkeri was maintained in a growth chamber at 27± C, 7±5 RH and 6 L: 8 D hours conditions. The corn pollen tested were collected by hand from Karaj. Pollen stored in the refrigerator during the experiments. Experiments Gravid s of the predatory mite were transferred from the main culture to strawberry leaves and left for 2 hours to oviposit. Only one egg remained on each leaflet and the mite and additional eggs were removed. The leaflet of each mulberg leaflet (2 2 cm 2 ) was placed upside down on water saturated cotton in a 6 cm diameter Pteri dish surrounded by strips of wet cotton wool to prevent the mites from escaping. Leaves of mulberg were provided with sufficient amount of each plant pollen and T. urticae eggs and T. tabaci larvae separately and replaced with them daily. When an individual developed to the adult stage, it was paired with an individual of the opposite sex from the cohort. Three diets were evaluated for their effect on development, survival, fecundity and life-table parameters. Statistical analysis Developmental time of all individuals, including and and those dying before adult stage and daily fecundity were subjected to analysis of variance based on collected data, the life tables of the predator were constructed based on the theory of the age-stage, i.e. two- sex life table (Chi, 25). In the Chi & Liu s model (985), the population parameters were calculated based on data of the entire cohort, i.e. both sexes and the variable developmental rate among individual. The age-stage specific survival rate (S xj, where x = age and j = stage), the age-specific survival rate (l x ), the age specific fecundity (m x ) and the population parameters (r m (intrinsic rate of increase), λ (finite rate of increase; λ = e r ), R (net reproduction rate, and T (the mean generation time) were calculated by using TWO SEX-MSChart program (Chi, 25). Data of all stage developmental time, adult life span and fecundity were analyzed using ANOVA (SPSS Inc, 22). The mean generation time is defined as the time length that a population needs to increase to R - fold of its size as the stable age distribution and the stable increase rate are reached. Intrinsic rate of increase was estimated by using the iterative bisection method from the Euler-Lotka formula with age indexed from (Goodman, 982).Statistical differences in demographic parameters were tested using a jackknife procedure to estimate the variance for demographic parameters (Meyer et al., 989). RESULTS Neoseiulus barkeri completed its developmental times on three diets. As food sources for the predatory mite, first larvae of onion thrips and egg T. urticae and corn pollen were selected. All diets were accepted as food by the predatory mite. The larvae of N. barkeri moult to protonymphal stage without feeding. The developmental times and reproduction rate are presented in Table. The immature longevity of N. barkeri were different among treatments. Immature longevity of N. barkeri on corn pollen was longer than the other treatments.total mortality of immature of N. barkeri on three diets were 8%, 7% and 6% on T. urticae, T.tabaci and corn pollen respectively. Immature longevity of predatory mite on corn pollen was longer. Adult longevity () on different diets were different and longevity of N. bakeri when fed on T. urticae was longer than the other treatments. Life time fecundity of predatory mite fed on T. urticae was more than the fecundity rate of N. barkeri fed on T. tabaci and corn pollen (Table ). Estimated parameters of life table for N. barkeri on three diets are presented in Table 2. The age-stage survival rate (S xj ) of N. barkeri is shown in Fig., Which shows the probability that a newly hatched mites will survive to age x and stage j. The survival curve of cohort usually shows significant stage overlapping because of the variable developmental rate among individuals. The life expectancy of newly hatched egg of N.barkeri on three diets were 8.2, 8 and 8. days on T. urticae, T. tabaci and corn pollen respectively (Fig. 2).The age-specific survival rate (l x ) and the age-specific fecundity (m x ) are shown in Fig

3 Intl. Res. J. Appl. Basic. Sci. Vol., (5), 67-72, 26 Table. Life history statistics (Mans±SE) of Neoseiulus barkeri on different diets Developmental time Tetranychus urticae Thrips tabaci Corn pollen df F Immature longevity 3.67±.93 b 3.8±. b.78±.39 a Adult longevity (Fe) 9± c 3.25±.7b 9.6±.6a 8.79 Adult longevity (Male).75± 5.8a 6.33± 2.a 6.8±.36a.5 Lifetime fecundity 8.67±6.53a 23.75±.8b 26.±.6b 2 5. P...6. Means within a row followed by the same letter are not significantly different at the 5% confidence level Table 2. Mean ± SE of intrinsic rate of increase r (day - ), finite rate of increase (λ)(day - ), net reproductive rate (R ) (offspring/individual) and mean generation time (T) (day) of Neoseiulus barkeri on different diets Developmental time Tetranychus Thrips tabaci Corn pollen df F P urticae R 8.593± ± ± T 3.3±.92b.2±.5b 9.58±.28a rm.7±.5b.62±.b.3±.53a ý.9±.6.8±.52.23± Means within a row followed by the same letter are not significantly different at the 5% confidence level Relative number alive Life expectany (days) b Age (days) Figure. Relative number alive in each age-stage group (S xj) of N. barkeri on three diets (a: adult of Tetranychus urticae; b: first larvae of Thrips tabaci; c: corn pollen) a c c egg a b malw 8 nymph e Age (days) Figure. 2. Life expectancy in each age-stage group (e xj) of of N. barkeri on three diets (a: adult of Tetranychus urticae; b: first larvae of Thrips tabaci; c: corn pollen). 69

4 Fecundity Survival rate Intl. Res. J. Appl. Basic. Sci. Vol., (5), 67-72, 26 b a lx fx mx lx mx lx fx mx lxmx c lx fx mx lx mx Age (days) Figure 3. Age- specific survival rate (l x), age- specific fecundity of the total population (m x) of N. californicus on seven strawberry cultivars DISCUSSION Neoseiulus barkeri was able to develop and reproduce when fed on three diets. This study was to evaluate the biological and predatory efficiency of this predatory mite against T. urticae and T. tabaci as prey. The quality of food may determine the developmental time and reproductive characteristics of the predatory mite (Moraes & McMurtry, 985). Some researchers studied about the effect of different types of food on biological parameters of N. barkeri (such as, Bond, 989; Xia et al. 22; Negm et al. 2; Jafarie et al. 2) The highest mortality at the immature stage was on corn pollen and the lowest immature stage mortality was on T. tabaci and T. urticae. Jafarie et al. (23) showed that the survival rate for the movable immature stages of N. barkeri fed on st larvae of T. tabaci was %. In addition to, Ragusa et al. (29) were reported that % of N. barkeri individual attained adulthood when fed on T. urticae. In this study, the immature mortality varied between 7-6 %. It could be difference in predatory strain or laboratory condition. Development of N. barkeri immature period of N. barkeri varied between ( days) on three diets. On the other hand, this developmental period were relatively smaller in our study than reported when fed on O.atrasiaticus (9.6 days at 25 C) (Negm et al, 2) or when fed on A. ovatus (7.8 days at 2 C) (Xia et al., 22) and Jafarie et al (22) showed that developmental time of immature stages was 5.68 days when fed on T. tabaci and Developmental time N. barkeri immature recorded by Bond (989) (6.2 days) and Beglyarov & Suchalkin (983) (5.98 days) fed on T. tabaci.this parameter for this population of N. barkeri fed on T. urticae in the present study was 3.67 days and recorded by Jafarie et al, (2) (.59 days). This differences could be due to differences in laboratory condition or prey species. The obtained developmental time of N. barkeri in the present study was 3.8 days. The adult longevity () of N. barkeri was different among diets and varied between (9.6-9 days), however, the longevity of predatory mite was not different and varied between ( days) on three diets. Fe longevity of N. barkeri on O. afrasiaticus was 27. days (Negm et al., 2). The adult longevity in the present study on T. urticae was 9 days and on T. tabaci was 3.25 days, however, this parameter is shorter than that reported by Jafarie (2, 23) as 2.7 days fed on T.tabaci and 25.5 days fed on T. urticae. Fe longevity of N. barkeri on O. afrasiaticus was 27. days (Negm et al., 2). Jafarie et al. (23, 2) were reported that the adult longevity on T. tabaci was 27 days and on T. urtica was 25.5 days. The sex ratio of N. barkeri on T. tabaci was biased (6.66%). Similarly Momen (995) reported the ratio of N. barkeri on T. urticae was as 6%. In other study, Xia et al. (22) reported the sex ratio for this 7

5 Intl. Res. J. Appl. Basic. Sci. Vol., (5), 67-72, 26 predator was 6.87%. Jafari et al. (2) reported this parameter for N. barkeri fed on T. urticae was 6%. The sex ratio in the present study was biased (on T. urticae (68%), on T. tabaci (65%) and on corn pollen (8%). The sex ratio of the predatory mite on corn pollen is dominat. In another study, Jafarie et al. (23) reported the sex ratio for this predator to be 6.66% when fed on T. tabaci. Rugusa et al. (995) was reported that usually lay eggs only on food considered adequate for postembryonic development of the progency. Jafari et al. (23) reported daily and total fecundity of N. barkeri as 2.8 eggs/ /day and 36. eggs/ respectively. In another study, Bond reported daily and total fecundity of this predator as 2.3 eggs/ /day and 7. eggs/ on T. tabaci at 25 C. The mentioned parameter in the present study were 2.2 eggs//day and eggs/, however, Jafarie et al (2) was reported 2.57 eggs//days and eggs/ respectively fed on T. urticae. The mentioned parameters in the present study were 2.52 eggs//day and 8.67 eggs/. The oviposition rate was 3.8 eggs/ (Negm et al., 2) The r m value is most important intrinsic parameters that indicate the potential of predator for growth, reporoduction and survival (Southwood, 978). This parameter is the most important population growth parameter (southwood & Manderson, 2). Jafarie et al (22) showed that N. barkeri successfully developed on st instar larvae of T. tabaci. The intrinsic rate of increase (r m ) was.252 day -. In case of N. barkeri against Thrips tabaci at 25 C, the life table parameter (R, T, r m ) value were 27.78, 9.,.22 respectively (Bond) on A. ovatus, at 2 C the parameter were 2., 2.7,. (Xia et al., 22) and on T. urticae 22.2, 3.95,.22 (Jafari et al. 22), while in the present study on different diet were different (on T. urticae (8.59, 3.3,.7)) on Thrips tabaci (5.9,.,.6) on corn pollen (6.95, 9.58,.).The r m value of N. barkeri on O. afrasticus was.6 day - (Negm et al., 2), on Aleuroglyphus ovatus was.7 day - (Xia et al., 22). The r m value of this predator on T. tabaci was.252 day - (Jafarie et al., 23). r m value of N.barkeri fed on A.ovatus was.65 day - (Xia et al., 22). With attention to observed results, N. barkeri is a general predator and can play an important role in the biological control of T. urticae. Neoseiulus barkeri could be considered as a biological agent for the control of T. tabaci (Jafarie et al., 22). Jafarie et al (23) showed that the st larvae of T. tabaci is suitable prey for N. barkeri and this predator can be used as a biological control agent, This predatory mite with exclusive feeding on corn pollen can complete the developmental stages and can oviposit. Corn pollen was suitable alternative food for the mass rearing of this predator. Effect of different plant pollen on life table of phytoseid mite was investigated by some researchers, such as, ice plant on Euseius mesembrinus (Dean) (Abou-setta, childers,977) data palm pollen on Proprioseiopsis asetus (Chant) (fouly,997), corn pollen on Amblyseius gossipi Elbadry (Elbadry & elbenhaury, 2), cattail (Typha latifolia) pollen on Amblyseius (Typhlodromips) swirskii Athias - Henriot (park et al, 2). Neoseiulus barkeri is an indigenous biological control agent in Iran that preys on spider mites and T.tabaci and can prevent the outbreak of them. 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