Sexual Reproduction and Meiosis

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1 Sexual Reproduction and Meiosis

2 Meiosis sexual reproduction! Meiosis makes the cells that are responsible for sexual reproduction

3 Sexual Reproduction Producing a new organism by combining chromosomes from 2 parents Specialized sex cells = gametes Male = sperm Female = egg Union of gametes = fertilization which produces a zygote

4 Gametes Each sex cell of a multicellular organism contains the mono/haploid (n) number of chromosomes characteristic of that species (in humans, n = 23) These chromosomes are NOT present in pairs Gametes are produced during gametogenesis in the gonads

5 Male gonads = testes Female gonads = ovaries The process that creates monoploid gametes is meiosis Organisms that contain both male & female gonads are called hermaphrodites Ex. Earthworms

6 Meiosis AKA Reduction Division A cellular division in which the number of chromosomes is reduced by half (2n n) Why do gametes need to have a monoploid number of chromosomes? In order for fertilization to produce a normal 2n zygote, the sperm & egg must have only half the # of chromosomes n + n 2n fertilization haploid haploid diploid sperm egg zygote

7 To establish this monoploid # of chromosomes, sperm and eggs undergo meiosis Similar to mitosis, but meiosis has one additional division mitosis Meiosis I Meiosis II Laser clip meiosis

8 Interphase I: 1 st Meiotic Division Chromatin replicates Single stranded double stranded Prophase I: Chromatin is coiled chromosomes Homologous chromosomes pair up during synapsis & form tetrad (group of 4 chromatids) Chromosomes may twist & exchange genes = crossing over

9 Metaphase I: Tetrads equator (different than mitosis!! No tetrads in mitosis) Spindles attach to centromeres Anaphase I: Tetrads split Homologous pairs move to opposite poles (disjunction) Non-disjunction: when tetrads fail to separate leaving more/less chromosomes in each new cell Telophase I: Cytoplasm divides 2 new daughter cells that are monoploid w/ double stranded chromosomes

10 2 nd Meiotic Division Just like mitosis w/o chromosome replication Prophase II: Spindle fibers form & attach to centromeres Metaphase II: Chromosomes line up on equator Anaphase II: Double stranded chromosomes split & chromatids move to opposite poles & cells are now single stranded Telophase II: Both daughter cells divide forming 4 monoploid cells

11 End Result of Meiosis 1 diploid primary (1 o ) sex cell (2n) 4 monoploid gametes (n)

12 Metaphase 1 Metaphase 2 Daughter cells Comparison Link

13 Comparison of Mitosis & Meiosis Ist step of division Type of reproduction # and type of daugher cells compared to parent cell Mitosis Replication of chromosomes Asexual & growth 2; same as parent (2n) # of divisions 1 2 Meiosis same Used to make gametes for sexual reproduction 4, 1/2 chromosomes of parent (n) synapsis? no yes

14 Spermatogenesis: The production of sperm in the testes 4 monoploid sperm produced from each primary spermatocyte

15 Oogenesis: The production of eggs (Latin: eggs = ova) in ovaries 4 monoploid eggs produced from each primary oocyte BUT only one is viable (survives) The other 3 are very small & are called polar bodies. They degenerate in the female s body.

16 Unlike spermatogenesis, oogenesis is NOT continuous: Before birth, oogonia divide by mitosis to produce the limited lifetime supply of oogonia (which develop into oocytes) In sexually mature females, one primary oocyte develops into a viable egg approximately every 28 days.

17 Egg vs. Sperm Egg Monoploid Female ovaries Non-motile (sessile) Fewer in # (1 per meiotic division) Large Yolk Sperm Monoploid Male testes Motile Many in # (4 per meiotic division) Small No yolk

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19 After gametes are produced, the next step in reproduction is FERTILIZATION: The union of a monoploid (n) sperm w/ a monoploid (n) egg resulting in a diploid (2n) ZYGOTE n + n = 2n Requires fluid medium for sperm to swim to egg When a sperm comes in contact with an egg, the acrosome (covers head of sperm) releases enzymes that dissolve an opening into the egg

20 What type of asexual reproduction is this?

21 What s wrong with this picture?

22 Sites of Fertilization External The union of sperm & egg OUTSIDE of the body of the female Occurs mainly in aquatic animals Requires large #s of eggs to insure survival because there is little protection for the egg Ex. Amphibians Internal Union of sperm & egg INSIDE the body of the female Occurs in most terrestrial vertebrate animals Smaller # of offspring & fewer # eggs released because the egg is protected inside the mother Ex. Mammals

23 In vitro fertilization: Fertilization outside of the female s body Zygote implanted into female after fertilization Vitro = glass

24 I say, thank goodness for Veterinarians & IVF: No more singles bars, no more dating!

25 Parthenogenesis: The development of an egg into a mature organism WITHOUT fertilization by sperm Therefore all offspring look identical to the mother Ex. Bees, artificial stimulation of frog eggs, sea urchins, rabbits & turkeys Parthenogenesis is the asexual reproduction in normally sexually reproducing organisms.

26 mitosis fertilization meiosis

27 diploid Monoploid/haploid Chromosome number Meiosis Animation Meiosis Square Dance Video 570 Mitosis, Meiosis

28 MEOISIS & SEXUAL REPRODUCTION Sexual Reproduction requires two PARENTS, who are not genetically IDENTICAL to each other. These parents must produce specialized sex cells called GAMETES (eggs,sperm). Next the NUCLEI of these cells fuse ( come together ) in a process known as, FERTILIZATION which produces one cell called a. ZYGOTE In sexual reproduction, the offspring produced ARE NOT GENETICALLY IDENTICAL to either parent, resulting in VARIATIONS between members of the species. These differences amongst members of the same species will INCREASE THE POSSIBILITY OF SURVIVAL OF THE SPECIES.

29 MEOISIS & SEXUAL REPRODUCTION CHROMOSOME Meiosis and fertilization maintain the number of the species from generation to generation. 2n 46 GAMETE SPERM n 23 ZYGOTE MEIOSIS 2n CELL FERTILIZATION MITOSIS offspring 2n 46 n 23 EGG GAMETE

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