Reproductive cyclicity 19. Introduction. Page 1. repro and its story lines. Male repro: a simpler way of control

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Augustus Caldwell
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Reproductive cyclicity 19 Male repro: a simpler way of control Menstrual cycles:

cyclicity Race events: removal of P4 negative feedback, follicular recruitment or

language, preovulatory E2 triggering the LH preovulatory surge GnRH network as

1 Reproductive cyclicity 19 Male repro: a simpler way of control Menstrual cycles: ovary / uterine anatomy and cell types, follicular phase, ovulation, luteal phase, cyclicity Race events: removal of P4 negative feedback, follicular recruitment or FSH inducing its own receptors, pulsatile LH secretion a richer communication language, preovulatory E2 triggering the LH preovulatory surge GnRH network as basic model for cyclicity Contraception, pathology Introduction repro and its story lines Page 1

2 Male repro is not a cyclic event In male E2 do not induce a preovulatory LH surge, but POA electrical stimulation does Male repro is not a cyclic event In male E2 do not induce a preovulatory LH surge, but POA electrical stimulation does Page 2

3 Male repro is not a cyclic event In male E2 do not induce a preovulatory LH surge, but POA electrical stimulation does Male repro is not a cyclic event In male E2 do not induce a preovulatory LH surge, but POA electrical stimulation does Page 3

4 Male repro is not a cyclic event Schematic structure of the androgen receptor and of the mechanism of androgen action Male repro is not a cyclic event Schematic structure of the androgen receptor and of the mechanism of androgen action Page 4

5 Male repro is not a cyclic event Male repro is not a cyclic event Mutation in the androgen binding domain prevents androgen binding to its receptor Page 5

6 Male repro is not a cyclic event Mutation in Zn finger domain of the receptor prevents androgen-receptor complex binding to DNA LH release is pulsatile In both males and females FSH release from the AP is controlled by inhibin Page 6

7 LH release is pulsatile GnRH LH LH (male) In both males and females LH release from the AP is pulsatile and driven by GnRH Pulsatile LH is driven by GnRH LH MUA In both males and females LH release from the AP is pulsatile and driven by GnRH Page 7

8 GnRH increases gonadotropins GnRH LH from POA to the ME FSH GnRH cell bodies located in the POA have axon terminals in the hypothalamic ME Pulsatile vs continuous GnRH Continuous GnRH release down-regulates GnRH receptors at its AP target site Page 8

Hormones in menstrual cycle FSH LH E2 P4 Menstrual

sensitivity changes Hormones in menstrual cycle FSH

time before/after surge Menstrual sensitivity

9 Hormones in menstrual cycle FSH LH E2 P4 Menstrual hormonal profile is driven by GnRH as well as AP sensitivity changes Hormones in menstrual cycle FSH LH E2 GnRH pulse frequency on LH / FSH release P4 time before/after surge Menstrual hormonal profile is driven by GnRH as well as AP sensitivity changes Page 9

GnRH / LH E2 on LH pulse amplitude time of day P4 on LH pulse frequency

10 Repro cyclicity is GnRH driven GnRH pulses The menstrual hormonal profile can be reproduce by exogenous GnRH pulses E2 / P4 feedback on GnRH / LH E2 on LH pulse amplitude time of day P4 on LH pulse frequency E2 and P4 affect GnRH pulse amplitude and frequency and therefore LH / FSH Page 10

follicle, the ovulation site The ovarian follicle

11 Cellular effects of LH and FSH The mechanism of action of gonadotropins involve a 7tm domain receptor and AC The follicle, the ovulation site The ovarian follicle contains the oocyte and granulosa cells but not theca cells Page 11

follicle, the ovulation site the ovarian cycle If you can fully

12 The follicle, the ovulation site The ability to maintain a large rate of follicular growth is basic for reproduction The follicle, the ovulation site the ovarian cycle If you can fully explain ovarian cycles you understand puberty, cyclicity and aging Page 12

The menstrual cycle: the uterus Ovarian follicular and

13 The menstrual cycle: the ovary LH and FSH drive pre-antral follicles to be Graffian follicles and then corpora lutea The menstrual cycle: the uterus Ovarian follicular and luteal phase match uterine proliferative and secretory phase Page 13

E2 release SCCE aromatase LH controls the SCCE enzyme FSH controls the aromatase

14 The menstrual cycle: E2 release The two cell gonadotropin theory Theca cell has LHr and makes androgens, granulosa cell has FSHr and produces E2 The menstrual cycle: E2 release SCCE aromatase LH controls the SCCE enzyme FSH controls the aromatase enzyme E2 production requires LH (increases SCCE) and FSH (increases aromatase) Page 14

The menstrual cycle: E2 release The menstrual cycle: LH release LH GnRH GnRH LH LH GnRH GnRH binding capacity Pulsatile GnRH release from ME drives AP release of preovulatory LH.

15 The menstrual cycle: E2 release The menstrual cycle: LH release LH GnRH GnRH LH LH GnRH GnRH binding capacity Pulsatile GnRH release from ME drives AP release of preovulatory LH. However, continuous GnRH release causes down regulation of GnRH receptors in its target. down-regulation up-regulation If much noise the monkey covers its ears, if too little it cups them to amplify signal Page 15

16 The menstrual cycle: LH release Pulsatile LH release drives preovulatory E2 release pulsatile LH release due to pulsatile GnRH release. The pulse generator and how to assess its existence pulse frequency / amplitud as efficient signals for the neural reproductive output hypothalamic pulsar is modulated by steroids. Differential effects of cyclic E2 / P4 on pulse parameters hypothalamic pulsar modulated by neurotransmitters (+ and - array). Lack of E2 receptors in GnRH neurons POA - E2 receptors & phasic GnRH release by a decreased -FB (luteolysis, 2nd derivative, "sponge" receptor, data in monkey) mass follicular growth & preovulatory E2, origin of 2nd derivative input to a "sponge" E2 receptor Relationship among preovulatory E2 secretion, hypothalamic transmitters and release of GnRH. The (+) and (-) input array The order of these events replicates those that will be involved in the race, later The menstrual cycle: LH release human rat ovulation E2 drives the preovulatory surge of LH. An LH surge is obligatory for reproduction to occur control examples: surge blocked surge P4 E2-As GnRH-As LH-As Events driving a preovulatory surge of LH are the same in humans and other animals Page 16

The menstrual cycle: ovulation Laparoscopic view at the time of ovulation during the menstrual cycle, in humans The menstrual cycle: summary Players involved in the cyclic events occurring during the

ovarian vs uterine phases luteolysis, LH surge, ovulation as cyclic events GnRH as trigger of LH surge (mouse without GnRH) E2 as trigger of GnRH release (phasic vs tonic E2 r) a race: FSH,

17 The menstrual cycle: ovulation Laparoscopic view at the time of ovulation during the menstrual cycle, in humans The menstrual cycle: summary Players involved in the cyclic events occurring during the menstrual cycle menses, estrus, LH surge, repetitive events differences / similarities menstrual / estrous cycles main events a drop in P4, increase in E2, LH surge folliclar vs luteal, E2 vs P4, ovarian vs uterine phases luteolysis, LH surge, ovulation as cyclic events GnRH as trigger of LH surge (mouse without GnRH) E2 as trigger of GnRH release (phasic vs tonic E2 r) a race: FSH, follicular wave, atresia, dominant follic. FSH stimulates FSH/LH receptor formation and E2 E2 stimulates formation of ovarian FSH receptors increase follicule growth in presence of low FSH/LH If you understand this list of events, you are ready to put them in motion at the races Page 17

menstrual cycle: summary a view from ovary, uterus & body temperature The

18 The menstrual cycle: summary a view from the blood The menstrual cycle can be seen from different viewpoints, but is the same cycle The menstrual cycle: summary a view from ovary, uterus & body temperature The menstrual cycle can be seen from different viewpoints, but is the same cycle Page 18

cycle: summary a view from the feedback The menstrual cycle

19 The menstrual cycle: summary The menstrual cycle can be seen from different viewpoints, but is the same cycle The menstrual cycle: summary a view from the feedback The menstrual cycle can be seen from different viewpoints, but is the same cycle Page 19

20 The menstrual cycle: summary P4 E2 a view from the feedback The menstrual cycle can be seen from different viewpoints, but is the same cycle The menstrual cycle as a race removal of P4 negative Fb on FSH / LH (by luteolysis) as starting point of a cyclic race to fun or problems increase tonic FSH / LH release (amplitude, frequency), as initial response of the neuroendocrine system increase E2 intraovarian & hypothalamic effects, as a little engine going beserk to fulfill a "sponge" goal E2 triggers the preovulatory surge of LH GnRH neuron "practically" lacks E2 receptors, a cause we have to care about neurotransmitters (+,- input array) synaptic-like features among GnRH neurons and the concepts of network and subnetworks (like the heart?) coexistence of GnRH and galanine in a subnetwork NPY and E2 role as an example of GnRH input array ßEND and GnRH disinhibition as mechanism for the preovulatory surge of LH, an ovulation obligatory event All previous different viewpoints can be merged into a single racing events Page 20

21 The neuroendocrine control gonadal hierarchy C S E2 integrator P4 receptor GnRH The brain is the ultimate control of cyclic ovarian function The GnRH neuron is the link between brain and reproduction-related endocrine effects AP gonad E2 / P4 The neuroendocrine control gonadal hierarchy C S E2 integrator P4 receptor GnRH GnRH neurons GnRH AP gonad E2 / P4 Changes in GnRH pulse amplitude and frequency link the brain and repro effects Page 21

contraceptive paradigms You should be able to

22 The neuroendocrine control gonadal hierarchy C S E2 integrator P4 receptor GnRH Based on what you have seen so far, how can you explain aging and menopause AP gonad E2 / P4 Some contraceptive paradigms You should be able to explain each one of these methods, or you may pay later Page 22

23 Some contraceptive paradigms You should be able to explain each one of these methods, or you may pay later Polycystic ovarian syndrome Common endocrine disease in women at your age, linked to a metabolic syndrome Page 23

HYPOGONADOTROPIC HYPOGONADISM normal mode sleep-entrained pattern E2 apulsatile pattern

24 Hypothalamic Amenorrhea Naloxone, an opiate antagonist prevents the action of ß-endorphin, a GnRH input Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism LH SECRETION IN HYPOGONADOTROPIC HYPOGONADISM normal mode sleep-entrained pattern E2 apulsatile pattern LH low amplitude pattern P4 Ovulation induction in women using physiological frequency - exogenous GnRH Page 24

Reproduction. Introduction

Reproduction. Introduction Reproduction The goal of these lectures is to discuss basic physiology associated with the control of reproduction (from sexual diferentiation to adult reproductive function). 26 The sections for this