Sow Reproduction and Seasonal Infertility. Darlington Pig Discussion Group 13 th March 2014 Richard Bull

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1 Sow Reproduction and Seasonal Infertility Darlington Pig Discussion Group 13 th March 2014 Richard Bull

2 Richard Bull Taurus Concepts Ltd

3 Sow Reproduction

4 Endogenous Hormones Gland Hormone Function Hypothalamus Anterior Pituitary Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH) Follicle-stimulatiing hormone FSH and LH release Follicle growth Ovaries Luteinising hormone Oestogens Progesterone Inhibin Relaxin Selection of follicles Release of oestrogen from ovaries Ovulation Formation & maintenance of corpus luteum (CL) Oestrus behaviour Maintenance of gestation (neg feedback to hypothalamus) Inhibition of FSH release Expansion of pelvis Dilation of cervix Uterus PGF2α Regression of CL Parturition

5 Reproductive Cycle Farrowing to farrowing Gestation = 115 days Lactation = 26 days Weaning to 1 st Service = 7 days Total = 148 days Annually = 2.47 cycles/year Any extra days are empty days

6 The Oestrous Cycle Average of 21 days ovulation to ovulation Variable days Start day 1 at ovulation Two Phases Luteal Phase Follicular Phase

7 Luteal Phase 14 days in length Eggs released from ovary (LH dependant) Formation of corpus luteum (CL) (LH dependant) Progesterone inhibits GnRH If not pregnant Uterus releases PGF2a by day Regression of CL (luteolysis) to corpus albicans Ceases to produce progesterone - GnRH production re-starts from hypothalamus Stimulates FSH and LH release from pituitary gland Follicular phase commences

8 Follicular Phase Starts day 15 GnRH production absence of progesterone FSH & LH Recruitment, growth and selection of ovarian follicles All follicles grow independent of FSH to a given size <1mm dia Follicles recruited for growth at start of follicular phase and grow to 3-4mm dia. This is FSH dependant Selection of follicles for maturation. Growth to 7mm-9mm dia. This is LH and FSH dependant Increase in LH pulses Oestrogen production Onset of heat Surge in LH at day 21 gives rise to ovulation

9 Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Ovary Axis LH Surge PGF2α Uterus

10 Sow Oestrous Cycle

11 Ovulation Ovulation is spontaneous Occurs at 30 to 40 hours post onset of oestrus behaviour Average ovulation time is 6 9 hours 10 to 30 ovocytes are released from the ovary Corpus luteum is established

12 Gestation The cycle is stopped during pregnancy Production of progesterone by corpora lutea maintains negative feedback on GnRH At farrowing a new cycle starts.. No more progesterone Corpora lutea destroyed by action of PGF2α

13 Inhibition during lactation Lactation Piglets Stimuli Milk Production Hypothalamus GnRH Inhibition Prolactin & oxytocin Stimulation Lack of Energy Pituitary gland Ovulation FSH & LH Inhibition Inhibition of metabolic mediators (Insulin, IGF-1) LH Days Farrowing Weaning Inhibition of follicles <6mm Growth of pre-ovulatory follicles

14 Uterine involution Process of the uterus returning to normal non pregnant state. Pregnancy = 115 days Uterus at the end weighs 12 times normal Length 4 metres 3 weeks to recover fecundity Maximum decrease of uterine weight occurs in first 8 days post partum From 3kg to 1kg Recovery of endometrium days post partum Up to 28 days for complete recovery

15 Seasonal Infertility

16 What is Seasonal Infertility? A reduction in the sows ability to either demonstrate oestrus behaviour or produce a successful litter from a matings during the summer months.

17 Seasonal Infertility Why The pig is naturally not polyoestrous Domestication has imposed this requirement Evidence suggests the pig to be a short day breeder Photoperiod or day length Temperature Is this more related to nutrition? Remember the other factors - Melatonin Nature is taking over!

18 The light and dark regulation of the biological clock (suprachiasmatic nucleus), pineal melatonin production, and seasonal reproduction in photoperiodic mammals. Reiter R J et al. Biol Reprod 2009;81: by Society for the Study of Reproduction

19 What Happens? Increase in weaning to service interval Reduced farrowing rate % Reduced numbers born Increased regular and irregular returns Increased numbers of anoestrous gilts

20 Production Data Inc Averages Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Totals Number of serves Return Serves % Farrow % Farrowing Live born/lit Mummified/Lit Born dead/lit Total Weanings Pigs weaned/lit %Pre-w mortality Animals removed Removed Dead Average Culling Preg. days/lit Suckl. days/lit Non-prod. days/lit Lit/Sow/Year Pigs weaned/sow/yr Source: adapted from Agrosoft

21 Farrowing Rate % inclusive Farrowing Rate % Farrowing Rate % 75 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Month Source: adapted from Agrosoft

22 Average Return Serve % inclusive Return % ` Return Serves % Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Month Source: adapted from Agrosoft

23 Average Farrowings inclusive Farrowings Farrowings Poly. (Farrowings) Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Months Source: adapted from Agrosoft

24 Average Born Alive inclusive No Born Alive Live born/lit Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Months Source: adapted from Agrosoft

25 Average Clean Pig Slaughterings inclusive Slaughterings (000 head) Average Week Periods (Start Jan) Source: BPEX

26 DAPP EU Spec Price (p/kg dead_ Average Week Period (Start Jan) Source: BPEX

27 What are the causes Multi-factorial Remain debatable Different at different times of the year? Early season reductions less noticeable Temperature related Feed Intake Semen quality (Natural & AI) Light intensity Overriding cause would appear to be photoperiod or day length Speed of day length change

28 Rate of Day Length Change

29 Spring Equinox Farrowing Rate % inclusive Autumn Equinox Farrowing Rate % Farrowing Rate % 75 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Month Source: adapted from Agrosoft

30 Seasonal Infertility - Causes Day Length Light Intensity Temperature Nutrition Stress

31 Factors influencing fertility Season Photoperiod Temperature Boar contact Length of lactation Feed Litter size Suckling Milk production Genotype & Parity HPO Axis Nutritional balance, Insulin, IGF-1 Ovarian follicles Oestrus and ovulation

32 Are all Parities affected? Yes However Parity 2 more so Gilts and most productive parities less affected Parity 6 onwards overall fertility starts to fall including and season affects them more

33 Farrowing Rate % inclusive Farrowing Rate % Parity 1 Parity 2 Parity 3 Parity 4 Parity 5 68 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Month Source: adapted from Agrosoft

34 What does it cost? Depends on how significant it is. By limiting the effects the producer will Increase PPSY Achieve consistent and regular pig flow Optimise pig price Increase income Producers must recognise the effect and act to limit the production shortfalls. Model performance

35 Performance Data by Month Maximum Minimum Average Farrowing Index Farrowing Rate % Total Born/Litter Born Alive/Litter Pre-weaning Mortality % Weaning Age Source: adapted from Agrosoft

36 Five Year Returnss

37 What can be done! Interrogate records Identify problem areas Increase gilts available for service during critical times Reduce culling at critical times Increase service targets at critical times All of above can cause difficulties on farm

38 What can be done! Ensure high lactation intakes in weeks prior to and through the predicted poor fertility period. Particularly young sows Feed high quality lactation diets Increase feed intake between weaning and service Feed a diet high in starch and sugars between weaning and service Provide shade in outdoor paddocks Under veterinary supervision consider gonadotrophin intervention Most important area if influence!!

39 What can be done! Consider using 16 hours lighting in the service area?

40 Min 16 hours light 360 lux in service area % herds p = 0.17

41 What can be done! Each farm is different with different challenges

42 Take home messages ACT NOW PLAN AHEAD

43 Thank you for your attention

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