9.4 Regulating the Reproductive System

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1 9.4 Regulating the Reproductive System

2 The Reproductive System to unite a single reproductive cell from a female with a single reproductive cell from a male Both male and female reproductive systems include a pair of gonads to produce: 1. reproductive cells (sperm, eggs) 2. sex hormones (regulate the reproductive system)

3 Male Reproductive System Testes: produce and store large amount of sperm cells Penis: deposits sperm in the female reproductive tract

4 The Y Chromosome contains a gene called testis-determining factor (TDF), which produces male sex hormones (androgens) that initiate development of the male sex organs in the fetus

5 Maturation of the Male Reproductive System born with an immature set of reproductive organs at puberty (10 to 13 years of age): hypothalamus produces gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) anterior pituitary gland releases 1. follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and 2. luteinizing hormone (LH) cause the testes to produce sperm and release testosterone Testosterone: development of sex organs and secondary sex characteristics (eg. facial hair, muscle development)

6 Negative Feedback Loop To keep the level of sperm production constant Hypothalamus releases GnRH Anterior pituitary releases FSH and LH FSH causes the testes to produce sperm and to release a hormone called inhibin Inhibin acts on the anterior pituitary to inhibit the production of FSH FSH levels drop, testes release less inhibin

7 Negative Feedback Loop To maintain secondary sex characteristics Hypothalamus releases GnRH Anterior pituitary releases FSH and LH LH causes interstitial cells in the testes to release the hormone testosterone Promotes development of muscle and facial hair Testosterone acts on the anterior pituitary to inhibit the release of LH

8 Aging in the Male Reproductive System Healthy males can be fertile for their entire lives some men may experience andropause a drop in testosterone level (around the age of 40) Symptoms: a decrease in sperm production, fatigue, loss of muscle mass, and possible depression.

9 Female Reproductive System includes a pair of gonads (ovaries) produce only a limited number of reproductive cells (ova) fertilization occurs in the oviduct fetal development takes place in the uterus vagina is both the organ of sexual intercourse and the birth canal

10 Oogenesis

11 The Ovaries produce eggs inside the follicles Ovulation: each month, a follicle matures and ruptures, releasing a mature egg into a tube called the oviduct the egg can survive in the oviduct for up to 24 hours after ovulation Projections called fimbriae sweep the egg toward the oviduct oviduct is lined with cilia, which beat to create a current that carries the egg through the oviduct to the uterus

12 The Uterus a muscular organ that holds and nourishes a developing fetus endometrium: the lining of the uterus, has blood vessels to provide nutrients for a fetus If fertilization occurs, the fertilized egg (zygote) moves through the oviduct to the uterus and implants in the endometrium, and embryo begins to develop. Unfertilized eggs do not implant. The endometrium disintegrates, and its tissues and blood flow out the vagina.

13 The Uterus

14 Maturing of the Female Reproductive System born with an immature set of reproductive organs puberty begins between 9 and 13 years of age FSH and LH act on the ovaries to produce the female sex hormones estrogen and progesterone These hormones are involved in a reproductive cycle and stimulate the development of secondary sex characteristics

15 Regulation of the Female Reproductive System Menstrual Cycle a reproductive cycle, approx. 28 days long ensures that an egg is released at the same time the uterus is most receptive to a fertilized egg If the egg (ovum) is not fertilized within 24 hours of being released from the ovary, fertilization can no longer occur uterine lining is shed and the cycle will begin again. controlled by estrogen and progesterone composed of two interconnected cycles: 1. the ovarian cycle (takes place in the ovaries) 2. the uterine cycle (takes place in the uterus)

16 The Ovarian Cycle Each follicle contains a single, immature egg At birth, a female has about 2 million follicles at puberty only viable only 400 will develop into a mature follicle and release an egg 2 stages: the follicular stage and the luteal stage

17

18 The Ovarian Cycle - Follicular stage anterior pituitary secretes FSH FSH stimulates one follicle to mature maturing follicle releases estrogen and progesterone Estrogen: 1. inhibits anterior pituitary from secreting FSH 2. triggers release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) GnRH stimulates the anterior pituitary to secrete LH LH triggers ovulation: follicle bursts, releasing its egg. Ovulation marks the end of follicular stage

19 The Ovarian Cycle Luteal stage Once the egg is released LH causes the follicle to develop into a corpus luteum corpus luteum secretes progesterone and estrogen inhibit LH and FSH production in the anterior pituitary corpus luteum degenerates progesterone and estrogen levels drop increased FSH secretion from the anterior pituitary

20 Follicular stage: anterior pituitary: FSH one follicle matures estrogen and progesterone Estrogen FSH, GnRH LH Ovulation Luteal stage: LH corpus luteum progesterone and estrogen LH and FSH corpus luteum degenerates progesterone and estrogen FSH

21 The Uterine Cycle build-up of blood vessels and tissue in the endometrium prepares the uterus to receive and nurture a fertilized egg

22 The Uterine Cycle build-up of blood vessels and tissue in the endometrium prepares the uterus to receive and nurture a fertilized egg If fertilization occurs: fertilized egg implants in the thickened endometrium high Progesterone: maintains the endometrium to support the fetus high estrogen: prevents maturation of other follicles If fertilization does not occurs: corpus luteum degenerates estrogen and progesterone levels drop the endometrium breaks down and menstruation begins

23 The Uterine Cycle begins on Day 1 of menstruation corpus luteum has degenerated progesterone and estrogen: low Menstruation lasts for 5 days At the end of menstruation, the endometrium is very thin A new follicle is maturing during this time and releasing estrogen.

24 The Uterine Cycle On day 6: high levels of estrogen cause the endometrium to begin to thicken On day 14 (after ovulation): corpus luteum releases progesterone rapid thickening of endometrium Between days 15 and 23: endometrium can double or triple in thickness

25 Aging and the Menstrual cycle The number of viable follicles decreases with age decrease in estrogen and progesterone menstrual cycle becomes irregular, and eventually stops altogether (menopause) around age 50 Menopause: mood changes, high cholesterol levels, decreased bone mass, hot flashes, greater risk of cancer of the reproductive organs. Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) delivers low doses of estrogen with or without progesterone not widely used due to increased risk of heart disease, blood clots, breast cancer, and dementia

26 Endocrine Disruptors Substances that interfere with the normal functions of hormones disturb the development and reproduction of organisms by mimicking natural hormones or by blocking their effects Any endocrine disruptor that mimics estrogen can cause feminization in male organisms many come from sewage and mill wastes can also be found in cosmetic products such as nail polishes

27 Endocrine Disruptors Substances that interfere with the normal functions of hormones disturb the development and reproduction of organisms by mimicking natural hormones or by blocking their effects Any endocrine disruptor that mimics estrogen can cause feminization in male organisms

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