6.7 IN. Continuity through Reproduction. What are the differences between male and female gametes? Discuss their formation and physical attributes.

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1 6.7 IN What are the differences between male and female gametes? Discuss their formation and physical attributes. Males - 4 sperm per parent cell; Females - 1 ovum per parent cell Sperm - motile (tail); Ova - not motile Ova much larger than sperm (contain nutrients for cell division). Continuity through Reproduction The Human Reproductive System Hormones Control Reproductive Cycles Section 6.7 Hormones Control Reproduction Hormones - chemical signals (messengers) released into the blood by glands and the brain. They regulate different body functions (e.g., metabolism, meiosis) Feedback mechanism (loop) - complex interactions between a stimulus and a response. Involves hormones (e.g., regulation of body temperature, blood sugar levels) Communication between body parts (e.g., brain and gonads) Control Center = Brain Monitors condition of body (e.g., temperature, metabolism, heart rate, sex drive) Hypothalamus monitors hormone levels Who is running the show? The brain talks with the testicles and vice versa! 1

2 Positive Feedback Loop Oxytocin (hormone) promotes labor contractions during birth. Negative Feedback Loop Blood sugar level regulation (homeostasis) Adrenaline 2

3 Sex Hormones Menstrual Cycle Development controlled by sex hormones. Monthly ovum-releasing cycle (ovary to oviduct to uterus) Ovaries produce estrogen and progesterone, which help regulate menstrual cycle and breast development. Regulated by nervous system, glands, organs, and hormones. Testes produce testosterone, which regulates muscle development. 2. If no fertilization, lining disintegrates and passes from uterus (menstruation or period). 1. Inner lining of uterus builds up to supply blood to zygote (fertilized egg). Menopause The end of ovulation and menstruation Decline in estrogen levels Menstrual Cycle Controlled by hypothalamus (like a thermostat). Pituitary gland secretes FSH and LH. Occurs between ages of 45 and 54. No menopause in males (just decline in sperm production). Decrease estrogen and progesterone menstruation Male Reproductive Anatomy Male Reproductive Anatomy 1. Testes - dual glands (hormones and gametes) 2. Scrotum - skin pouch; supports testes; 3 below body temperature Seminiferous tubules - actual site of sperm production 3

4 Male Reproductive Anatomy Seminiferous Tubules Where spermatogenesis occurs 3. Epididymis - storage reservoir where sperm mature 4. Vas deferens - transports sperm from epididymis Sex Glands (3) - fluid secretion; prevent drying of sperm 8. Urethra - transports urine and semen 5. Seminal vesicle produces seminal fluid 9. Urinary bladder collects urine 6. Prostate gland - muscles propel semen; produce alkaline fluid (semen) 10. Penis - sexual organ; erectile tissue 7. Cowper s gland pre-ejaculate; lubricates and cleans urethra of acidic urine Male Reproductive Anatomy Semen (seminal fluid; ejaculate) - ph is mixture of sperm and fluid from glands (seminal vesicles, prostate, Cowper s) 2.5 ml per ejaculation 150 million sperm/ml <20 million sperm/ml = infertile Function - provide 1) nutrients and act as a 2) transport fluid for sperm; contains 3) enzymes that stimulate sperm activity after ejaculation. Contains 4) antibiotics that destroy bacteria, which can cause infection and threaten fertilization. Testosterone Produced in testicles. Controls growth Maintenance of sex hormones Sexual behavior Muscular/skeletal development Body hair/hairline recession Enlargement of cartilage Descent of testes prior to birth 4

5 Vasectomy male sterility vas deferens cut and tied Does not affect erection or amount of semen ejaculated 1. Ovary - dual gland (hormones, gametes); egg production and storage 2. Fallopian tube - oviducts; transport eggs from ovaries to uterus; site of fertilization Fallopian tubes - the site of fertilization 2. Fallopian tube - oviducts; transport eggs from ovaries to uterus; site of fertilization 5

6 Tubal Ligation Fallopian tubes - the site of fertilization female sterility Tubes cut and tied Reversible 3. Uterus - the womb Site of menstruation; inner lining sheds or sloughs off; cramping caused by contractions of uterus (shedding blood) 3. Uterus - the womb Embryo implants here Sperm passes through on way to fallopian tubes 5. Vagina - birth canal 4. Cervix - opening to uterus Sperm passes through opening. Mucus plug seals it during pregnancy. Sperm deposited here during intercourse. Menstrual flow passes through vagina. Releases lubricant during intercourse. Dilates to ~4 (10 cm) during childbirth. 6

7 Female Reproductive Anatomy Vulva - external female genitalia (mons pubis, labia, clitoris, urethra) mons pubis - fatty tissue above pubic bone; covered in pubic hair labia - double door of tissue folds; labia majora and labia minora 6. Urinary bladder - collects urine Clitoris - pleasure generating organ; becomes erect during sex; homologous structure to penis head 7. Urethra - transports only urine 6.7 OUT Your hormone levels are regulated by a) meiosis Mammary glands - breasts b) estrogen modified sweat glands c) gonads Mostly adipose tissue (fat) d) the hypothalamus Lactation - milk production; response to sucking and hormones Read Chapter 6.7 Hmwk: Part A Rows 3-4 Quiz /21/18 7

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