Checking Heat and Managing the Heat Cycle

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1 Checking Heat and Managing the Heat Cycle Dr. Tim Safranski University of Missouri-Columbia Presented at Ohio Show Pig Producer Symposium August 25, 2018, Plain City, OH

2 Outline Anatomy and physiology Estrus and the estrous cycle Controlling the estrous cycle Q&A

3 Main functions of female reproductive tract Control activity of organs (hormonal) Produce oocytes Transport sperm Facilitate fertilization Provide environment for embryo and fetus Expel piglets Repeat

4 Porcine Reproductive Anatomy Uterine Horn Uterine Body Mesometrium Bladder Vulva Ovary Cervix Vagina

Oviduct Uterine Horn Isthmus Ampullary-Isthmic Junction

Few folds in lumen 2. Few ciliated epithelial cells 3.

Very muscular Cilia Cumulus oophorus surrounding ovum

Ovary Funnel shaped - covers the ovary to pick-up ovum

oviduct 1. Many folds 2. Ciliated epithelium 3.

5 Oviduct Uterine Horn Isthmus Ampullary-Isthmic Junction Site of Fertilization Second 1/2 of oviduct 1. Few folds in lumen 2. Few ciliated epithelial cells 3. Small diameter 4. Very muscular Cilia Cumulus oophorus surrounding ovum aids in pick-up by the fimbria lining the infundibulum Ovary Funnel shaped - covers the ovary to pick-up ovum Infundibulum Follicle Fimbria Ampulla First 1/2 of oviduct 1. Many folds 2. Ciliated epithelium 3. Large diameter Petal-like structure - Lines the infundibulum Contains ciliated cells to move ovum Ovulated Graafian Follicle releases ovum

Fertilization Enzymes Inner Acrosomal Membrane Acrosome Reaction Occurs in oviduct Fusion of Plasma membrane and Outer Acrosomal Membrane Enzymes released Inner Acrosomal Membrane with Acrosin Zona

6 Fertilization Enzymes Inner Acrosomal Membrane Acrosome Reaction Occurs in oviduct Fusion of Plasma membrane and Outer Acrosomal Membrane Enzymes released Inner Acrosomal Membrane with Acrosin Zona Pellucida (ZP) Outer Acrosomal Membrane Cumulus Oophorus Attach to oocyte Secondary Oocyte Vitelline Membrane Meiotic Spindle First Polar Body Vitelline Membrane ZP Sperm receptor (ZP3) attaches To acrosomal region of sperm head

7 Puberty Blood Hypothalamus GnRH Uterus Prostaglandin Ovaries Ova Hormones Estrogen Progesterone Pituitary FSH LH Oxytocin Singleton

8 - OVULATION PROGESTERONE ESTROGEN

9 - OVULATION PROGESTERONE ESTRUS - ESTROGEN 9 Isom

10 Which Hormones Do We Need to Know? FSH, LH growth and ovulation of follicles Estrogen lordosis response Progesterone prevent follicular growth (maintain pregnancy) Prostaglandin F2alpha regress CL Oxytocin stimulates contractions

11 Sperm reside in the female reproductive tract for about 8 hours before they are capable of penetrating the ova (capacitation). Sperm remain viable in the female s tract for about 24 hours. After ovulation viability of the ova is rather limited. 2/3-3/4 Onset Ideal time to mate Ovulation End Life span = 6-8 hr Life span = 24 hr 11

12 On-time delivery important? sperm too early sow not standing solid dead prior to ovulation critical with compromised sperm (old, frozen etc.) sperm too late sow not standing solid fail be capacitated prior to ovulation cause immune system activation 12

13 Boar Anatomy Sigmoid Flexure Cauda Epididymis Cowpers Gland Retractor Penis Muscle Seminal Vesicles Bladder Testis Caput Epididymis Ductus Deferens Pampiniform Plexus Glans Penis Picture courtesy of Dr. Dwane Davis

15 Factors Affecting Puberty Genetics Boar exposure Transportation Nutrition and feeding Seasonality Temperature/Photoperiod Housing/Social Exogenous hormones

16 Genetics Breed differences moderate heritability (~.25) Larger = later (among) Larger = earlier (within) Crossbred < Purebred independent of growth

17 Estrus in gilts following Boar Exposure at 180 days of Age Percentage >60 Days 72.5% (n = 700/965) estrus in 80 days.g. Foxcroft AASV, 2002 Knox

18 Boar Exposure Pheromones submaxillary salivary glands Auditory Tactile submaxillary salivary gland Swine AI Book The Swine AI Book

19 Varying Degrees of Boar Exposure Age at Puberty in Days m w/ boar 24 hr w/ boar 15 m near boar No boar Hemsworth et al., 1988

Mean days from start of treatment to puberty Study Control Fenceline Full 1 56 41 21 2 37

20 Mean days from start of treatment to puberty Study Control Fenceline Full Karlbom, 1982, Anim Repro.Sci.,4:313 Deligeorgis, 1984, Anim Prod, 39:145 Singleton

21 Boar Exposure Mature boar (10 months or more) Neutral area Full physical contact, face-to-face Minimum 15 minutes/day detection vs stimulation Begin at days Singleton

22 Do your gilts know any strangers? Chronic stress Cold/wet Hot malnutrition Crowded Predators etc. Acute stress Moving Mixing Transportation 24hr w/o feed etc.

23 Duration of proestrus reddening and swelling of the vulva 1 st and 2 nd estrus 47 h (12 to 72h) 3 rd to 6 th estrus 26 h (0 to 72 h) Duration of estrus 1 st to 3 rd estrus 51 h (36 to 72 h) 4 th to 6 th estrus 45.6 h (12 to h shorter than sows 2005 Professional Managers Conference Gilt Pool Management Todd See

24 Heat Detection Primary Signs Stands for boar Stands for another female Stands for back pressure test Secondary Signs Erect ears Seeks boar Relaxes tail when touched Wayne Singleton Purdue University Seeks boar Mucous discharge Swollen vulva

25 Areas for Stimulation During Heat Checks and Insemination Wayne Singleton Purdue University

$Refractory Period = Female Fatigue During lordosis all muscles are flexed Isometric muscle$ fatigued (after 5-15 minutes) and cannot sustain the reflex Can exhibit response again following

fatigued (after 5-15 minutes) and cannot sustain the reflex Can exhibit response again following

26 Refractory Period = Female Fatigue During lordosis all muscles are flexed Isometric muscle contractions result in energy use and waste products ( lactic acid) accumulate Females become fatigued (after 5-15 minutes) and cannot sustain the reflex Can exhibit response again following 1-2 hours rest Standing Response Standing Response Standing Response Fatigued No Response Fatigued No Response

27 Proportion of gilts in standing estrus after initial boar exposure Source: Levis, EC Professional Managers Conference Gilt Pool Management Todd See

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29 Life span = 6-8 hr Life span = 24 hr Magnified view of sperm cells Magnified view of ovum and sperm cells. Note the relationship between the size of the ovum relative to the size of the sperm cells. Singleton

32 Follicular Growth in Sows After Weaning 7-8 mm 6 mm 2-3 mm 5 mm Farrowing 1 wk 2 wk 3 wk Wean Lucy

33 Reproductive Failure in Sows Type I Anestrus No Follicular Growth After Weaning 2-3 mm Farrowing 1 wk 2 wk 3 wk Wean Lucy

34 Estrus and Ovulation After Weaning Estrus Ovulation Day Postweaning Weitze et al., 1994

35 35 Isom

36 Exogenous Reproductive Hormones Oxytocin (induction of farrowing, obstetrical; IM) Prostaglandins (induction of farrowing; IM) PG-600 (non-cycling gilts/sows; IM) Matrix ( Regu-mate ; cycling gilts; oral) OvuGel (single fixed time AI in weaned sows; vaginal)

Hormones to Induce Estrus PG-600 400 IU PMSG (Pregnant Mares Serum Gonadotropin) (Follicle

37 Hormones to Induce Estrus PG IU PMSG (Pregnant Mares Serum Gonadotropin) (Follicle Stimulating Hormone; FSH) 200 IU HCG (Human Chorionic Gonadotropin) (Luteinizing Hormone; LH)

38 P.G. 600 effect on recycling Percent oestrus Percent ovulating Percent cycling Source Paterson, Paterson, Tilton et al Kirkwood 1999 Charles Francisco, Intervet

PG-600 400 IU PMSG (Pregnant Mares Serum Gonadotropin) (Follicle Stimulating Hormone; FSH) 200 IU HCG (Human Chorionic

39 PG IU PMSG (Pregnant Mares Serum Gonadotropin) (Follicle Stimulating Hormone; FSH) 200 IU HCG (Human Chorionic Gonadotropin) (Luteinizing Hormone; LH) 39 percentage displaying estrus R.V. Knox Days

40 Cycling Females Matrix or Chronomate TM Prostaglandins

41 MATRIX (altrenogest) MATRIX is a formulation of 0.22% altrenogest (2.2 mg/ml) 1 st FDA approved product for estrus synchronization in cycling gilts Applied to feed 15 mg/hd/day for 14 days Supplied in a 1000 ml bottle Witholding time is 21 days Randomly cycling gilts = > 85% will be in standing heat in 4-9 days

42 Estrus Synchronization - Efficacy Studies Percentage of Gilts in Estrus Study 1 (36/37) 97.3% Study 2 (32/36) 88.9% Study 3 (36/37) 97.3% Study 4 (29/34) 85.3% Days after End of Treatment

43 16 20 Estrogen Follicular Phase Controlling Estrus with MATRIX TM Ovulation 1 Progester one Luteal Phase 6 MATRIX functions like progesterone Progesterone produced by CL Regulates FSH and LH at pituitary preventing estrus or heat When MATRIX is removed from feed, rebound and FSH and LH resume 11

44 Fertility following synchronization of estrus with Altrenogest Treatment Number of Animals Percent Farrowed Litter Size Control Altrenogest (20 mg) Control Altrenogest (15 mg) Trials* 5 11 Control Confirmation MATRIX (15 mg) Study *Compilation of 16 Published reports and Matrix Study

45 Number of Gilts in Estrus Number of Gilts in Estrus = November Before MATRIX After MATRIX December November December

46 If they quit cycling Too thin Too fat Too old stale gilts Treat em like a prepubertal gilt 46

47 Fixed Time AI w/o Heat Check? Heat detection takes time, 7d/week Our best people could do other things Would assist in planning Avoiding weekends Ordering semen etc. Could save semen (use best boars more) Could reduce sow stress 47

48 Why Do We Not Fixed Time AI? Variability in wean to estrus Variability in duration of estrus Variability in timing of ovulation 48

49 Product Overview Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist Stimulates release of luteinizing hormone (LH) Leads to Ovulation 40 to 48 hours later Product administered intravaginally

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51 Traditional Breeding Practice with Artificial Insemination AI AI AI E E E E AM PM AM PM AM PM AM PM AM PM AM PM AM PM AM PM NURSING LITTER Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Day 4 Day 5 Day 6 Day 7 Day 8 WEAN U.S. Average Number of Inseminations ~2

52 OvuGel Breeding Program Breeding Eligible OvuGel AI AM PM AM PM AM PM AM PM AM PM AM PM AM PM AM PM NURSING LITTER Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Day 4 Day 5 Day 6 Day 7 Day 8 WEAN 1 insemination versus industry average of ~2

53 Key Points Breeding eligible (BE) sows are the total number of weaned sows after culling, available to be bred. Administer OvuGel on the morning of day 4 post weaning No estrus detection is required to determine the best time to inseminate A single insemination is performed early on day 5 Boar exposure and stimulation is recommended A single insemination following OvuGel administration results in normal fertility

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57 Calculation of Farrowing Efficiency Index (FEI) and Live Piglet Index (LPI) Contemporary OvuGel No. of Breeding Eligible (BE) Sows No. of Sows in Estrus No. Inseminated by 7 dpost weaning No. of Sows Farrowed Consolidation of data from experiments PTK 4 07, 7 08, 9 06, and (n = 2,283).

58 Calculation of Farrowing Efficiency Index (FEI) and Live Piglet Index (LPI) Contemporary OvuGel No. of Breeding Eligible (BE) Sows No. of Sows in Estrus No. Inseminated by 7 dpost weaning No. of Sows Farrowed Traditional Farrowing Rate (no. farrowed/no. bred) Farrowing Efficiency Index (FEI) [Tot. farrowed/no. of breeding eligible (BE) sows] x % 82.0% Consolidation of data from experiments PTK 4 07, 7 08, 9 06, and (n = 2,283).

59 Making It Work Select only sows you expect estrus 4 7d Treat with precise timing and dose Use PG 600 at weaning if appropriate Breed sows if in estrus d6? (have seen no data) No compromises on mating technique Can not accept inferior semen quality Not approved (or worked out yet) for gilts 59

60 Parity 1 During the summer Weaning large litters Startup farm wants to use OvuGel 544 P1 sows August, 2013 Weaned to gestation stalls Half received PG-600 at weaning Allen et al., 2014

61 Weaning Performance weaned OvuGel PG OvuGel Litter size / /-0.09 checked estrus OvuGel PG OvuGel Average WEI (days) mated (IUI) and checked estrus OvuGel PG OvuGel Return to estrus 24.81% 12.04% < P 61 Allen et al., 2014

62 Subsequent Reproductive Performance rtu pregnancy diagnosis OvuGel PG OvuGel P Pregnancy 71.72% 86.53% < Total Born Born Alive Stillborn Mummies OvuGel PG OvuGel Allen et al., 2014

63 Summary Learn what is possible Find what is available Decide what is acceptable Use it to manage your pigs Save time Save money Simplify life

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