Male Reproductive System

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1 21-1

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3 Reproductive System

4 Male Reproductive System Genital Tract In males the testes, held outside the body in the scrotum (optimum temp of about 35 0 C), produce sperm. Sperm mature in coiled tubes atop each testis, called the epididymis (plural, epididymides). At ejaculation, sperm leave the testes through the vas deferens (plural, vasa deferentia), and pass through the ejaculatory ducts to the urethra.

5 Along the way, secretions (seminal fluid) are added from three glands: two seminal vesicles, the donut-shaped prostate gland at the base of the urinary bladder, and paired bulbourethral glands. These glands add fructose (SV) for energy so sperm can swim, and prostaglandins (SV) that cause uterine contractions; the secretions are slightly basic (prostate) Sperm with secretions from these glands is called semen.

6 Pathway of Sperm.. In a nutshell 1. Sperm is produced in testes 2. Matured sperm is stored in epididymis 3. When sexually aroused, sperm moves from epididymis to vas deference 4. Seminal vesicles add a nourishing liquid (add mucus which makes semen sticky and viscous; fructose energy and prostaglandins) 5. Semen passes through the prostate gland. 6. Prostate gland adds additional fluids containing citrate, another source of energy for sperm. 7. Semen travels past cowpers gland, which adds a fluid that lubricates the urethra and neutralizes urine in urethra. The neutral that make the semen alkaline ph so it helps neutralize the acidity of the vaginal tract prolonging the lifespan of sperm 8. Prostate gland begins strong contractions that release the semen during ejaculation 9. Semen enters urethra 10. After ejaculation 11., the penis returns to its flaccid state which is the start of the refractory period 21-6

7 21-7

8 The male reproductive system 21-8

9 Orgasm in Males The penis, the organ of sexual, intercourse, becomes erect from sexual arousal that stimulates smooth muscle cells to allow erectile tissue to fill with blood; arterioles dilate and veins are compressed. Orgasm involves ejaculation and muscular tension followed by muscular contractions and relaxation. Over 400 million sperm may be in each ejaculate.

10 Penis anatomy 21-10

11 Male Gonads, the Testes The testes, which produce sperm and male sex hormones, contain Seminiferous tubules (Spermatogenesis) surrounded by Interstitial cells (Testosterone) Testes originate in the abdominal cavity but descend into the scrotum where it is cool enough for sperm development

12 Testes Interstitial cells that lie between the seminiferous tubules within testes produce testosterone

13 Testosterone Functions: Maturation of primary sex organs Development of the secondary sex characteristics associated with puberty Hair growth Enlargement of larynx Muscle and skeletal growth Release of oils, sweat 21-13

14 Seminiferous Tubules Seminiferous tubules inside the testes produce haploid sperm through spermatogenesis. Sustentacular cells (Sertoli cells) support, nourish, and regulate the cells during spermatogenesis. Sperm have a head, middle piece, and tail.

15 The head of the sperm is covered by a cap called the acrosome which stores enzymes needed to penetrate the egg. Sperm do not live more than 48 hours in the female genital tract

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17 Hormonal Regulation in Males In both males and females, gonadotropin-releasing hormone, or GnRH, secreted by the hypothalamus stimulates the anterior pituitary to release two Gonadotropin Hormones from the Anterior Pituitary Gland. - Follicle- Stimulating Hormone (FSH) - Spermatogenesis and Luteinizing hormone (LH) - Testosterone. FSH stimulates the seminiferous tubules to produce sperm and the hormone Inhibin.

18 At puberty, the hypothalamus begins to release gonadotropic releasing hormone (GnRH) that links to the anterior pituitary to release gonadrotropic hormones GnRH triggers gonadotropic hormones Leutenizing Hormone (LH) Promotes the production of testosterone from the interstitial cells Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) Promotes the production and maturation of sperm 21-18

19 LH stimulates interstitial cells to produce testosterone. Testosterone brings about and maintains the male secondary sex characteristics. Testosterone exerts feedback control over the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary resulting in a constant amount of hormones and sperm production over time. Lutenizing Hormone = Testosterone Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) = Spermatogenesis

20 21-20

21 FSH Feedback.. In a nutshell 1. Stimulation by GnRH 2. Release of FSH from Ant. Pit 3. FSH causes seminiferious tubules for spermatogensis 4. Inhibin is released which feeds back on the anterior pit. To regulate the release of FSH (negative feedback) 21-21

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23 Hwk Questions 1. Name the sequence of structures along the route that sperm travel from where they are produced to where they leave the males body 2. What are the roles of the epididymis and the acrosome 3. Where does each of the following components of semen originate: sperm, nutrients, fluid medium and buffers 4. How do the brain and ant pit work together to trigger the onset of puberty 5. What are the effects of testosterone release 21-23

Male Reproductive Structures I. Overview A. Main functions: 1. Produce a haploid male gamete (sperm) 2. Deposit sperm in the female so fertilization

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