18 Urinary system. 19 Male reproductive system. Female reproductive system. Blok 11: Genital and Urinary Tract Diseases

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1 Blok 11: Genital and Urinary Tract Diseases 18 Urinary System 19 Male Genital System 20 Female Genital System 18 Urinary system You should be able to: 1. Describe the structures and associated functions of the components of the urinary system. 2. Identify the structures of the urinary system. 3. Describe the function of each part of the urinary system. 4. Draw and annotate the structures of the urinary system. 5. Describe and trace the flow of blood and filtrates through the urinary system. 6. Recognise and describe the segments of the nephron based on histology and location. 7. Describe the histological differences between the renal cortex and medulla. 8. Identify and describe the structures of the glomerulus. 9. Describe the filtration membrane and how this relates to its function. 10. Identify and describe the structures of the juxtaglomerular apparatus. 11. Recognise and describe the ureter, bladder and urethra. 12. Describe the cells found throughout the urinary system. 19 Male reproductive system The male reproductive system consists of the testis, genital ducts, accessory sex glands and penis. The main functions of the male reproductive system is to produce spermatozoa and sex hormones. You should be able to: 1. Describe the structures and functions of the components of the male reproductive system. 2. Identify the main structures of the male reproductive system. 3. Recognise and describe the cells in the male reproductive system. 4. Recognise and describe the glands associated with the male reproductive system. 5. Describe and compare the main stages of spermatogenesis and spermiogenesis. 6. Describe the structure and function of a sperm. 20 Female reproductive system You should be able to: 1. Describe the structures and functions of the components of the female reproductive system. 2. Identify the main structures of the female reproductive system. 3. Describe the histology of an oocyte. 4. Recognise and describe the cyclical changes in the histology of the endometrium. 5. Recognise and describe the cyclical changes in the histology of breast tissue. 6. Recognise and describe the components of the ovary. 7. Recognise and describe the developmental stages of ovarian follicles. 8. Correlate the various structural cycles in the female reproductive system, both histological, physiological and hormonal. 9. Describe and compare the steps of oogenesis, spermatogenesis and spermiogenesis. 10. Describe the structure and function of an oocyte. 11. Describe the histology of the lactating breast.

2 Slides Urinary System Slide Name Slide number Stain Kidney 76 Kidney (Injected) 28 Berlin blue Ureter 78 Urinary bladder 79 Male Genital System Slide Name Slide number Stain Testis 84 Epididymus 84 Ductus deferens 84 Vesicula seminalis 81 Prostate 80 Penis 83 Female Genital System Slide Name Slide number Stain Ovaries 89 and 106 Ovary and corpus luteum 91 Tuba uterina 97 Uterus 88 Vagina 90 Mammary gland 57 Nipple 15

3 Slide 15: Nipple This slide is a section through the nipple. (i) Skin (ii) Lactiferous ducts A line drawing of the nipple. 1. What is typical of the skin of the nipple? 2. How are the lactiferous ducts identified? 3. What types of tissue are found in the vicinity of the sinuses and ductuli lactiferi?

4 Slide 28: Kidney This slide is a section through an injected kidney to illustrate the blood vessels. 1. Aa. arcuatae 2. Aa. Interlobulares 3. Afferent arterioles 4. Efferent arterioles 5. Vasa recta The blood vessels of the kidney: 1. Where are the aa. and vv. arcuatae of the kidney found? 2. In what part of the kidney are the interlobular vessels found? 3. Into which vessels do the afferent arteriole branch? 4. What is the further course of the efferent arteriole? 5. In what part of the kidney are the vasa recta found? 1. Glandular lobules 2. Glandular alveoli 3. Fibrocollagenous tissue 4. Secretory ducts Berlin blue A glandular lobule in which a number of alveoli as well as surrounding tissue is drawn in detail. 1. As what type of gland is the mammary gland classified? 2. What is typical of the glandular alveoli? 3. What types of connective tissue are found, and where? 4. What types of secretory ducts are found and what is typical of them? 5. What is the difference between an active and a resting mammary gland? Identify: A Macroscopic The mass of tissue forming the kidney. The cortical and medullary areas of the kidney. B Microscopic Simple cuboidal epithelium that lines certain of the tubules. These cells are as wide as they are high. A few simple cuboidal epithelial cells lining the tubules. Also, indicate the connective tissue that these cells rest on. 1. Describe the shape of these cells. 2. Are the cell borders of these cells visible?

5 3. How is the width of these cells determined? 4. Why does the simple cuboidal epithelium appear stratified in certain places?

6 Slide 76: Kidney This slide is a longitudinal section through the kidney. 1. Cortex and medulla 2. Renal body 3. Proximal and distal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts 4. Macula densa 5. Medullary rays 6. Excretory ducts 7. Renal papillae A line diagram of the different parts of the kidney, and in detail of the renal body, proximal and distal convoluted tubules and the loop of Henle. 1. What structures of the renal body can be distinguished? 2. What are the identifying characteristics of the proximal and distal convoluted tubules, and how does one distinguish between them? 3. How does the macula densa appear, and where are these cells situated? 4. What are the distinguishing characteristics of the loop of Henle? 5. Where are the different sections of the nephron found in the kidney? 6. What does the epithelium of the secretory tubules of the kidney look like? 7. What type of epithelium lines the renal papilla? Identify: A Macroscopic The circular ureter The lumen B Microscopic The different layers of the epithelium The shape of the cells in the different layers A few epithelial cells to show the different cell shapes. 1. How many layers can be identified? 2. How does the shape of the cells in each layer change? What is characteristic of the luminal layer? Why?

7 Slide 78: Ureter This slide is a cross section of the ureter. 1. Lumen 2. Mucosa 3. M. externa 4. Adventitia A line diagram of the different layers of the ureter. 1. What is typical of the lumen? 2. What type of epithelium lines the ureter? 3. How many layers of muscle are found along the length of the ureter? 4. How are these muscular layers arranged?

8 Slide 79: Bladder This slide is a cross section through the kidney. 1. Lumen 2. Mucosa 3. M. externa 4. Adventitia and/or serosa A line diagram of the different layers of the bladder. 1. What type of epithelium lines the bladder, and how does this epithelium compare to that of the ureter? 2. How many muscle layers are found in the bladder, and in which directions are they arranged? 3. Presence of an adventitia and/or serosa? - Explain. 1. Lumen 2. Glandular epithelium 3. Concretions 4. Smooth muscle 5. Supporting stroma 6. Fibrocollagenous capsule A line drawing of the prostate in which a section of the epithelium and the concretions are drawn in detail. 1. As what type of gland is the prostate classified? 2. What is typical of the lumens of the secretory units? 3. What type of epithelium lines the secretory units, and what does it look like? 4. In what way does the prostate differ from other compound glands such as the parotid, pancreas, etc? 5. How is the smooth muscle of the prostate arranged?

9 Slide 81: Vesicula seminalis This slide is a section through the vesicula seminalis. 1. Lumen 2. Mucosa 3. Smooth muscle 4. Connective tissue A line drawing of the vesicula seminalis. A section of the epithelium must be drawn in detail. 1. What is obvious about the lumen of this organ? 2. What is typical of the shape of the mucosa, and what type of epithelium is found? 3. How many layers of smooth muscle occur, and how are they arranged? Identify: A Macroscopic Skin and fascia of the penis Corpus cavernosum penis Corpus spongiosum Urethra B Microscopic Skin and fascia of the penis Tunica albuginea Erectile tissue Urethra Urethral glands A line drawing of the penis. 1. What other type of tissue, except support tissue, is found in the fascia? 2. What type of support tissue is the tunica albuginea? 3. What is the general architecture of the erectile tissue, and what are the components of this tissue? 4. What characteristics would you use to identify the blood spaces (blood sinuses or cavernae)? 5. What type of epithelium lines the urethra? 6. Where are the urethral glands found?

10 Slide 84: Testis This slide is a section through the testis. 1. Tunica albuginea 2. Mediastinum testis and rete testis 3. Fibrous septae 4. Tubuli seminiferi, smooth muscle cells, spermatogonia, primary spermatocytes, 5. spermatids, spermatozoa and Sertoli cells 6. Interstitial support tissue 7. Leydig cells A line diagram of the testis. The structures of the tubuli seminiferi and recti, as well as the Leydig cells must be shown in detail. 1. Of what type of support tissue does the tunica albuginea, mediastinum testis and the septa consist of? 2. What is typical of the structure, especially the nuclei, of the developing reproductive cells? 3. What are the distinguishing characteristics of Sertoli cells, as seen in this section? 4. What are the identifying characteristics of the Leydig cells?

11 Slide 84: Epididymis This slide is a section through the epididymis to illustrate the ductus epididymis. 1. Lumen 2. Epithelium 3. Smooth muscle 4. Support tissue A line drawing of the ductus epididymis in which a section of the epithelium is drawn in detail. 1. What is found in the lumen of the duct? 2. What type of epithelium lines the duct, and what is typical of the surface of these cells? 3. In what direction is the smooth muscle orientated? 4. In what way does the morphology of this tube differ from the general morphology of tubular organs?

12 Slide 84: Vas deferens This slide is a cross section through the vas deferens. 1. Lumen 2. Mucosa 3. Smooth muscle 4. Support tissue A line drawing of the vas deferens. 1. What shape does the mucosa take on, and which epithelium lines it? 2. How many layers of smooth muscle are found in this duct, and how are they arranged? Identify: A Macroscopic Orientate yourself by distinguishing between the different layers with the naked eye. B Microscopic Perimetrium Myometrium Endometrium A line drawing of the different layers of the uterus. Also draw the other phases of the uterus. 1. What does the perimetrium comprise of? 2. How many layers are found in the myometrium? 3. What characteristic structure is found in one of the layers of the myometrium? 4. What does the endometrium comprise of? 5. In what sections can the endometrium be divided? 6. How does the epithelium of the luminal surface differ from those of the glands? 7. In what phase is this uterus? 8. What is the structure of the glands of the endometrium, and how do these glands look in the different phases?

13 Slide 89: Ovary This slide is a section through the ovary. Also see slide 106. Identify: A Macroscopic Cortex Medulla Ovarian follicles B Microscopic Germinative epithelium Tunica albuginea Stroma of cortex The different stages of developing ovarian follicles (a) Primary follicle (b) Secondary follicle (c) Graafian follicle Medulla A line diagram of the ovary in which the different stages of developing ovarian follicles are drawn in detail. 1. What is the other name for germinal epithelium? 2. What are the components of the tunica albuginea? 3. What is typical of the stroma of the cortex? 4. How does a primary follicle differ from a secondary follicle? 5. What are the characteristics of Graafian follicles? 6. n what stages of cell division are the oocyte of a primary follicle and a Graafian follicle? 7. What different structures are found in the medulla?

14 Slide 90: Vagina This slide is a section through the vagina. 1. Mucosa 2. M. externa 3. Adventitia A line drawing of the vagina. 1. What are the layers of the mucosa? 2. What is typical of the lamina propria?

15 Slide 91: Corpus luteum This slide is a section through the ovary to illustrate the corpus luteum. Identify: A Macroscopic Identify with the naked eye the extent of the corpus luteum. B Microscopic Theca lutein cells Granulosa lutein cells Corpus hemorrhagicum A line diagram of the corpus luteum in which a number of the different cell types are drawn in detail. 1. What are the distinguishing characteristics of the teca lutein cells? 2. What is characteristic of the granulosa lutein cells? 3. What additional tissue is found in the corpus luteum [excluding the corpus hemorrhagicum]? 1. Lumen of the tuba uterine 2. Ciliated as well as non-ciliated columnar epithelial cells A few simple ciliated columnar epithelial cells. Indicate the cilia and basal bodies clearly, as well as the connective tissue that these cells rest on. 1. What is present on the free surface of these cells? 2. How do the cilia and basal bodies appear microscopically? 3. How does the shape of these columnar epithelial cells compare to those of the gallbladder?

16 Slide 97: Fallopian tube This slide is a cross section through the fallopian tube. 1. Mucosa 2. M. externa 3. Serosa A line drawing of the fallopian tube. 1. What is characteristic of the lumen? 2. What is characteristic of the epithelium? Identify: A Macroscopic Cortex Medulla Ovarian follicles B Microscopic Germinative epithelium Tunica albuginea Stroma of cortex The different stages of developing ovarian follicles (a) Primary follicle (b) Secondary follicle (c) Graafian follicle Medulla A line diagram of the ovary in which the different stages of developing ovarian follicles are drawn in detail. 1. What is the other name for germinal epithelium? 2. What are the components of the tunica albuginea? 3. What is typical of the stroma of the cortex? 4. How does a primary follicle differ from a secondary follicle? 5. What are the characteristics of Graafian follicles? 6. In what stages of cell division are the oocyte of a primary follicle and a Graafian follicle? 7. What different structures are found in the medulla? Review Questions Urinary system Name the two main components of the nephron. Name the three zones of the glomerular basement membrane. What is nephrotic syndrome?

17 Name the three components of the juxtaglomerular apparatus. Name the type of epithelium which lines the lower urinary tract. What is the difference between a distended and contracted bladder? Shortly describe how the kidneys assist in maintaining acid base balance. Compare and contrast male and female urethras. Name the histological structures found in the cortex and medulla of the kidney. What is the function of the juxtaglomerular apparatus? Describe the interaction between the kidney and other systems, including the skin, gastrointestinal tract, bone marrow and cardiovascular system. Male reproductive system What is cryptorchidism? Name the four phases of spermiogenesis. Name the two types of epithelial cells found in the prostate gland. What type of epithelium lines the penile urethra? What is the structure and role of the blood-testis barrier? What events during spermatogenesis produce haploid sperm from diploid cells? Describe the life cycle of a sperm cell up to and including fertilisation of an oocyte. Female reproductive system Name the four layers of the vagina. What epithelium lines the ecto- and endocervix respectively? What are the major functions of the ovaries? Name the three components of the ovary? Name three examples of endometrial disorders. Explain the events in the ovary prior to ovulation. Describe the life cycle of an oocyte up to and including fertilisation by a sperm. Explain capacitation and its importance in fertilization. Summarize the events that occur as a sperm fertilizes an oocyte.

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