Cell and Tissue Types. Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, Nerve

Transcription

1 Cell and Tissue Types Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, Nerve

2 Objectives Explain the major stages of the cell cycle and cellular division (mitosis). Describe specific events occurring in each of the phases of cellular division (mitosis) including cytokinesis. Explain how cellular division (mitosis) functions to form new cells and maintain complex organisms. Explain how a mutation might cause the cell cycle to be altered to allow for uncontrolled cell growth. Relate the development of cancer (uncontrolled growth) to mutations that affect the proteins that regulate the cell cycle

3 Essential question What can you infer about how cell division in a normal cell compares to cell division in a cancer cell?

4 Types of Tissues Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, Nervous Type Function Location Characteristics Epithelial Connective Protection, Secretion Absorption, Excretion Bind, Support, protect, fill spaces, store fat, produce blood cells. Cover body surfaces, cover and line internal organs, compose glands Widely distributed throughout the body. Muscle Movement Attached to bones, in the walls of hollow internal organs, heart Nervous Transmit impulses for coordination, regulation, integration, and sensory reception Brain, spinal cord, nerves Lack, blood vessels, readily divide; cells are tightly packed. Mostly have good blood supply; cells are further apart than epithelial cells. Able to contract in response to specific stimuli Cells communicate with each other and with other body parts

5 Apical surface Basal surface Simple Apical surface Basal surface Stratified Classification based on number of cell layers.

6 Squamous Cuboidal Columnar Classification based on cell shape.

7 The following types of epithelial tissues are covered in this activity: 1. Simple squamous epithelial tissue (lungs) 2. Simple cuboidal epithelial tissue (kidneys) 3. Simple columnar epithelial tissue (small intestine) 4. Pseudostratified (ciliated) columnar epithelial tissue (trachea lining) 5. Stratified squamous epithelial tissue (mouth lining) 6. Stratified cuboidal epithelial tissue (salivary glands, sweat glands) 7. Stratified columnar epithelial tissue (male reproductive tract) 8 Transitional epithelial tissue (bladder) a. The tissue may show a full bladder b. The tissue may show an empty bladder

8 . (a) Simple squamous epithelium Description: Single layer of flattened cells with disc-shaped central nuclei and sparse cytoplasm; the simplest of the epithelia. Function: Allows passage of materials by diffusion and filtration in sites where protection is not important; secretes lubricating substances in serosae. Location: Kidney glomeruli; air sacs of lungs; lining of heart, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels; lining of ventral body cavity (serosae). Air sacs of lung tissue Nuclei of squamous epithelial cells Photomicrograph: Simple squamous epithelium forming part of the alveolar (air sac) walls (125x).

9 (b) Simple cuboidal epithelium Description: Single layer of cubelike cells with large, spherical central nuclei. Simple cuboidal epithelial cells Function: Secretion and absorption. Location: Kidney tubules; ducts and secretory portions of small glands; ovary surface. Basement membrane Connective tissue Photomicrograph: Simple cuboidal epithelium in kidney tubules (430x).

10 (c) Simple columnar epithelium Description: Single layer of tall cells with round to oval nuclei; some cells bear cilia; layer may contain mucussecreting unicellular glands (goblet cells). Function: Absorption; secretion of mucus, enzymes, and other substances; ciliated type propels mucus (or reproductive cells) by ciliary action. Location: Nonciliated type lines most of the digestive tract (stomach to anal canal), gallbladder, and excretory ducts of some glands; ciliated variety lines small bronchi, uterine tubes, and some regions of the uterus. Simple columnar epithelial cell Basement membrane Photomicrograph: Simple columnar epithelium of the stomach mucosa (860X).

11 (d) Pseudostratified columnar epithelium Description: Single layer of cells of differing heights, some not reaching the free surface; nuclei seen at different levels; may contain mucussecreting cells and bear cilia. Cilia Mucus of mucous cell Function: Secretion, particularly of mucus; propulsion of mucus by ciliary action. Location: Nonciliated type in male s sperm-carrying ducts and ducts of large glands; ciliated variety lines the trachea, most of the upper respiratory tract. Trachea Photomicrograph: Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium lining the human trachea (570x). Pseudostratified epithelial layer Basement membrane

12 . (e) Stratified squamous epithelium Description: Thick membrane composed of several cell layers; basal cells are cuboidal or columnar and metabolically active; surface cells are flattened (squamous); in the keratinized type, the surface cells are full of keratin and dead; basal cells are active in mitosis and produce the cells of the more superficial layers. Stratified squamous epithelium Function: Protects underlying tissues in areas subjected to abrasion. Location: Nonkeratinized type forms the moist linings of the esophagus, mouth, and vagina; keratinized variety forms the epidermis of the skin, a dry membrane. Nuclei Basement membrane Connective tissue Photomicrograph: Stratified squamous epithelium lining the esophagus (285x).

13 (f) Transitional epithelium Description: Resembles both stratified squamous and stratified cuboidal; basal cells cuboidal or columnar; surface cells dome shaped or squamouslike, depending on degree of organ stretch. Function: Stretches readily and permits distension of urinary organ by contained urine. Location: Lines the ureters, urinary bladder, and part of the urethra. Transitional epithelium Basement membrane Connective tissue Photomicrograph: Transitional epithelium lining the urinary bladder, relaxed state (360X); note the bulbous, or rounded, appearance of the cells at the surface; these cells flatten and become elongated when the bladder is filled with urine.

14 CFU

15 How does the structure of each type of tissue support its function?

16 Vocabulary Epithelial Tissue simple squamous epithelium simple cuboidal epithelium simple columnar epithelium pseudostratified columnar epithelium stratified squamous epithelium stratified cuboidal epithelium stratified columnar epithelium transitional epithelium glandular epithelium connective tissue loss connective tissue dense connective tissue cartilage bone blood epithelial membranes serous membranes mucous membranes cutaneous membrane synovial membrane

17 Connective Tissue Characteristics

18 CT- Major Cell Types

19 CT Fiber Types

20 Connective Tissues

21 CT - Types

22 Connective Tissue Types

23 Connective Tissue Types

24 Connective Tissue Types

25 Connective Tissue Types

26 Skeletal Muscle Tissue Nuclei Muscle Fiber Found in Muscle that attach to bone. Voluntary - controlled by conscious effort. Striations alternating light and dark cross-markings.

27 Smooth Muscle Tissue Do not have striations. Cells are shorter than skeletal muscle and are spindle shaped, each with a centrally located nucleus. Found in hollow internal organs such as stomach, intestine, urinary bladder, uterus, and blood vessels. Involuntary cannot be stimulated to contract by conscious effort.

28 Cardiac Muscle Tissue Cells are short, branched, and striated, usually with a single nucleus. Cells are interconnected by intercalated discs. Controlled involuntarily. Found in the heart. It circulates blood, maintains blood pressure.

29 Nervous Tissues Basic cell is called a neuron. They sense certain types of changes in their surroundings. They respond by transmitting nerve impulses along the axon to other neurons. Found in the brain, spinal cord and peripheral nerves.