1. INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM: skin is the largest system.
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1 Chapter 7 Body Structure and Function Cell: Tissue: Examples: lining of the nose, mouth, stomach, muscle tissue Organs: Example: heart, brain, liver, lungs, kidneys Systems: organs that work together to perform special functions Example: as followed. INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM: skin is the largest system. A. Parts of the system Largest organ of the body First line of defense against injury or infection 3. Regulates the body temperature 4. Acts as a sensor to heat, cold, and pain C. Normal changes in aging Decrease elasticity (wrinkles, sagging) 3. Decrease blood flow to skin 4. Increase sensitivity to temperatures 5. Loss of hair Nails become thick, tough, and yellow 8. Decrease secretion of oil and sweat glands 9. Decrease sensitivity to pain and pressure MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM: A. Parts of the system 3. (connect bone to muscle) 4. (connect bone to bone) 5. (where two or more bones join together to help body bend and move)
2 B. Skeletal: Function of the skeletal Give body shape Supports body 3. Protects body 4. Stores minerals 5. Produces blood cells 6. Assists the muscles in movement C. Muscular: Function of muscles Works with skeletal system to provide movement Produce heat while working 3. Protects underlying structures D. Normal changes in aging (these changes are the leading cause of disability in older adults) (decrease in strength, loss of muscle mass) in bone mass (brittle bones-osteoporosis) 3. Joints are stiff and painful due to wear and tear on the joint (decrease in mobility) 4. Loss of height 3. NERVOUS SYSTEM AND SENSES: A. Major parts of system Central nervous system (CNS): (brain and spinal cord) Peripheral nervous system (PNS): (spinal nerves) 3. Sense organs: the five sense are sight, hearing, taste, smell, and touch Control and organizes all body functions Sends messages to all and from all parts of the brain (sight, hearing, smell, taste and touch
3 C. Normal changes in aging (nerve conduct and response slower) Increased length of time for tasks 3. Regular sleep patterns change 4. Slight memory loss and forgetfulness (dementia/confusion is not a normal part of aging) 5. Changes in : hearing, vision, touch, smell, taste a. Loss of sensory receptors in the skin b. Senses of taste and smell become weaker; appetite may decrease c. Dry eyes d. Vision: e. Hearing diminishes- resident s behavior may appear confused or disoriented 6. Problems with balance and coordination; increased episodes for falling 7. Decreased blood flow to the brain 4. CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM A. Part of the system a. The heart has four chambers b. Heart action has two phases: Systole: is the active phase; part of blood pressure; top number Diastole: is the resting phase; part of blood pressure; bottom number : consists of blood cells and plasma a) Plasma is mostly water b) Red blood cells: RBC have hemoglobin?hemoglobin carries the oxygen to the cells and picks up waste product (carbon dioxide) from the cells c) White blood cells: WBC protect the body against infection d) Platelets: are needed for blood clotting The heart pumps blood through the vessels The blood carries food and oxygen to all cells of the body and removes waste
4 C. Normal changes in aging Heart pumps blood less efficiently Decreased elasticity of arteries and veins 3. Blood flow 4. Blood vessels 5. Blood pressure 5. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM A. Part of the Respiratory system Mouth Epiglottis Bronchi Alveoli (Exhale and Inhale) Pathway for oxygen to get from outside air to lungs Pathway for blood to exchange carbon dioxide for oxygen 3. Oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange takes place in the alveoli C. Normal changes in aging Lung tissue loses Respiratory muscles are weaken 3. strength in ability to cough 4. Lung capacity decreases 5. Voice
5 6. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM A. Parts of the Digestive System 7. Rectum Teeth Esophagus 9. Liver Small intestine 1 Gallbladder 6. Digestion: process of breaking down so it can be absorbed Absorption: a. most of the food absorption takes place in the intestine b. most of the water absorption takes place in the intestine 3. Excretion: The process of eliminating or expelling waste matter from the body 4. Peristalsis: involuntary muscle contractions that help move the food through the digestive system C. Normal Changes in aging chewing and swallowing Decrease peristalsis movement (increases flatulence and constipation) 3. Decrease salvia 4. Decrease appetite (taste buds have diminished) 5. Indigestion 6. - difficulty swallowing (gag reflex is less effective and increases choking) 7. Loss of teeth
6 7. URINARY SYSTEM A. Parts of the urinary system (opening at the end of the urethra) Remove waste products from the blood Maintains fluid and electrolyte balance C. Normal Changes in aging Kidney efficiency decrease- decreased ability to filter waste products from the bloodstream Kidneys atrophy 3. Decrease muscle tone of the bladder and urinary meatus -a decrease amount of urine the bladder can hold-may have stress incontinence 4. Enlargement of the prostate gland (MEN) - pushes on urethra, causing it to narrow. Total emptying of bladder becomes difficult. Dribbling may occur 5. Increased risk of UTI 6. Urinary retention 7. Urinary frequency 8. Incontinence 9. Nocturia 8. REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM A. Create offsprings Hormones produced develop sexual characteristics B. Parts of the Male system Penis Scrotum: is the sac that holds the testis 3. Testis: sperm and male hormones are produced in the testes
7 4. Prostate- A gland surrounding the neck of the bladder and releasing a fluid component of semen 5. Urethra: outlet for the urine and semen C. Parts of the Female system Vulva: the female external genitals Labia: the inner and outer folds of the vulva, at either side of the vagina 3. Vagina: the muscular tube leading from the external genitals to the cervix of the uterus in women 4. Uterus: is a hollow, muscular organ shaped like a pear 5. Fallopian tubes: a pair of tubes, where an egg travels from the ovaries to the uterus 6. Ovaries: two almond-shaped glands. The ovaries contain eggs. D. Normal changes of aging Decrease in hormone levels a. Female- cause Menopause :women will go thru menopause about years old. Hormones (estrogen, progesterone) levels, the uterus /vagina atrophy b. Male- decrease in sex hormones production and may have trouble maintaining an erection Depression 3. Delay in sexual response 4. Enlargement of the prostate gland 5. Vaginal dryness 6. Menopause 7. Changes in secondary sex characteristics 9. ENDOCRINE SYSTEM A. Made up of glands Pancreas: a gland behind the stomach that secretes digestive enzymes into the duodenum. Hormone is insulin Thyroid: located near the base of the neck- A gland that makes and stores hormones that help regulate the heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature, and the rate at which food is converted into energy
8 Glands secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream Hormones regulate various body functions C. Normal changes related to aging Levels of hormones decrease Insulin (pancreas) production decrease 3. Body is less able to handle stress 10. Immune System: antibodies, antigens, white bloods cells Function: protects the body from disease and infection
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THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM Directions: Review the digestive system lesson. Then, answer the questions. 1. List, in order, the seven major organs that move food through your body. 2. What is the job of the epiglottis?
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM UTERUS (made up of muscular walls, a lining called the endometrium, and a cervix. The uterus is also called womb ) houses and protects embryo/fetus/baby allows nutrient & waste