NOTES: CH 40 Introduction to Human Anatomy & Physiology
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1 NOTES: CH 40 Introduction to Human Anatomy & Physiology
2 THE HUMAN BODY Anatomy Physiology (= structures) (= functions or processes)
3 Characteristics of LIFE: 1) Made up of 1 or more CELLS. 2) Obtain and use energy. 3) Reproduction.
4 Characteristics of LIFE: 4) Growth / development - - life cycle. 5) Ability to RESPOND to environment.
5 Living Things are ORGANIZED: molecules organelles CELLS tissues organs organ systems organism!
6 Structure & Function at every level of organization, we see that form fits function EXAMPLES: RIBCAGE: shape fits the function of support & protection of the organs in the thoracic cavity SMALL INTESTINE: structure fits the function of digestion & absorption of nutrients
7
8 What is a TISSUE? Tissues are groups of cells with specialized structural and functional roles. Intercellular materials, varying from solid to liquid, separate cells. (also known as MATRIX)
9 Four Main Kinds of Tissue: -Epithelial -Connective -Muscle -Nervous
10 EPITHELIAL TISSUE: *General Characteristics: covers all free body surfaces (outer and inner surfaces of organs) major tissue of glands
11 EPITHELIAL TISSUE: anchored to connective tissue by a BASEMENT MEMBRANE lack blood vessels
12 EPITHELIAL TISSUE: nutrients get to the epithelial tissue by diffusion from the connective tissue below
13 EPITHELIAL TISSUE: readily divide; so injured areas heal quickly as new cells replace lost or damaged ones
14 EPITHELIAL TISSUE: cells are tightly packed form effective protective barriers
15 EPITHELIAL TISSUE: functions include: protection secretion absorption excretion
16 EPITHELIAL TISSUE: cells are classified according to shape and number of layers of cells -simple = single layer of cells -stratified = two or more layers of cells -squamous = thin, flattened cells -cuboidal = cube-shaped cells -columnar = elongated cells
17
18 EPITHELIAL TISSUE: free surface cells may have modifications suited to their function (i.e. cilia, microvilli, mucus-secreting cells)
19 General Characteristics of CONNECTIVE TISSUE: Functions include: Support Provide framework Protect Fill space Store fat Produce blood cells Connect Protect against infection Repair damaged tissue
20 Connective Tissue: Considerable amount of intercellular material (MATRIX) between cells *Matrix consists of fibers and ground substance
21 Connective Tissue: Major Cell Types: 1) Fibroblasts: produce collagenous & elastic fibers 2) Macrophages: phagocytes (engulf pathogens) 3) Mast cells: usually near blood vessels; release heparin and histamine
22 Connective Tissue Fibers may be: 1) Collagenous fibers: composed of collagen; have great tensile strength 2) Elastic Fibers: composed of microfibrils embedded in elastin; are very elastic 3) Reticular fibers: very fine, collagenous fibers
23
24 Categories of connective tissue: Loose (Areolar) Connective Tissue: -forms thin membranes between organs and binds them -beneath the skin and between muscles Adipose tissue: -stores fat -found beneath the skin, around kidneys, heart and joints
25 Categories of connective tissue: Dense connective tissue: -composed of strong, collagenous fibers -found in tendons, ligaments, white portion of eyes, deep layer of skin
26 Categories of connective tissue: Cartilage: -provides a supportive framework for various structures -cartilage lacks a direct blood supply and is slow to heal
27 Fibrocartilage Elastic cartilage Hyaline cartilage
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29 Categories of connective tissue: Bone: -intercellular matrix contains mineral salts and collagen -an active tissue that heals rapidly
30
31 Categories of connective tissue: -transports substances; helps maintain a stable internal environment -composed of: red blood cells (RBCs), WBCs, and platelets in plasma. -blood develops in red marrow in the hollow parts of long bones.
32 MUSCLE TISSUES General Characteristics: muscle tissues contract, moving structures that are attached to them three types are: SKELETAL, SMOOTH, and CARDIAC
33 Skeletal Muscle Tissue: usually attached to BONES and controlled by conscious effort cells, or muscle fibers, are long and threadlike muscle fibers contract when stimulated by nerve impulses, then immediately relax
34 Smooth Muscle Tissue: in the walls of hollow internal organs and blood vessels usually it is involuntarily controlled
35 Cardiac Muscle Tissue: found only in the heart cells are joined by intercalated discs and form branched networks
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37
38 NERVOUS TISSUES in the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves
39 Neurons (Nerve Cells): sense changes and respond by transmitting nerve impulses to other neurons or muscles or glands coordinate, regulate, and integrate body activities
40 functions include: (Nervous Tissue) Supporting Cells: -bind and support nervous tissue -phagocytosis -connect neurons to blood vessels
41 Organization molecules organelles CELLS tissues organs organ systems organism! Organ: structure made of 2 or more tissues Organ system: group of organs which are concerned with the performance of one or more general physiologic goals together
42 Anatomical Terms PROXIMAL DISTAL
43
44
45 Body Planes: (FRONTAL)
46 Body Plan CAVITIES Dorsal Ventral cranial spinal thoracic abdominal -surrounds -surrounds -heart, -digestive, brain spine & lungs, excretory spinal cord trachea, (a.k.a. esophagus vertebral cav.) pelvic reproductive
47
48 BODY CAVITIES:
49 Overview of Organ Systems: System Major Structures Function(s) Skeletal Bones structure, support, movement Muscular Muscles structure, support, movement Integumentary Skin, hair, nails protection, excretion
50 Muscular System Skeletal System Integumentary System
51 Overview of Organ Systems: System Circulatory Respiratory Immune Major Structures Heart, blood vessels Lungs, air passages Lymph nodes, B & T cells Function(s) transport gas exchange fight disease
52 Respiratory System Circulatory System Immune System
53 Overview of Organ Systems: System Digestive Excretory / Urinary Nervous Major Structures Stomach, intestines, esophagus Kidneys, skin Brain, spinal cord, nerves Function(s) digestion, absorption removal of waste sense, coordination, control
54 Excretory System Digestive System Nervous System
55 Overview of Organ Systems: System Major Structures Function(s) Endocrine Glands, hypothalamus control & regulation of homeostasis Reproductive Gonads production of offspring
56 Female Reproductive System Endocrine System Male Reproductive System
57 Homeostasis In general, organ systems participate in FEEDBACK LOOPS designed to maintain the status quo of internal environment (= HOMEOSTASIS)
58
59 3 Components of a feedback Receptor: detects a change in some variable of the animal s internal environment (e.g. body temp.) system:
60 3 Components of a feedback Control center: processes information it receives from the receptor (brain, hypothalamus) system:
61 3 Components of a feedback Effector: receives a message from the control center and responds appropriately (muscles shivering, goosebumps) system:
62 NEGATIVE FEEDBACK Example Negative feedback: body temperature (needs to stay around 37 C) rise in brain message to body temp. temp. thermostat sweat glands lowers to produce sweat **Negative feedback maintains HOMEOSTASIS!
63
64
65 POSITIVE FEEDBACK Example Positive feedback: childbirth (body needs to achieve a heightened state of exertion LABOR!) pressure uterine more more of baby s contractions pressure contractions.. head
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