Epithelial Tissues. Types of Epithelial Tissues: Lining of Kidney

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1 Epithelial Tissues Covers the entire body surface and most of the body s inner cavities Outer epidermis (skin) protects from injury and drying out Inner epidermal tissue (on internal surfaces) often serves in protection, secretion of substances (ex. Mucus along digestive tract), and absorption of materials (ex. Nutrients) Types of Epithelial Tissues: Squamous Epithelial Thin, flat-shaped cells Function in protection, diffusion, and filtration Lines the alveoli (lungs) and walls of capillaries & other blood vessels Capillary Structure Cuboid Epithelial Cube-shaped cells Function in secretion, absorption & protection Lines kidney tubules and the surface of ovaries Lining of Kidney Columnar Epithelial Column-shaped cells Usually have sensory or absorption functions Often have microvilli or cilia to aid function Lines the intestines, oviducts and uterus PSEUDOSTRATIFIED COLUMNAR

2 Organization of Epithelial Tissues Each type can exist as a single layer (simple) or as layers stacked on top of each other (stratified) Pseudostratified cells appear to be layered, but is really just one layer Simple Squamous Summary of Epithelial Tissues Type Function Location Filtration, diffusion, osmosis Oral cavity, lining of blood vessels Simple Cuboidal Secretion, absorption Surface of ovaries, linings of kidney tubules Simple Columnar Pseudostratified Columnar Protection, secretion, absorption Protection, secretion, movement of mucus and sex cells Lining of Uterus, tubes of the digestive tract Linings of respiratory passages, various tubes of the reproductive systems Stratified Squamous Protection Outer layers of skin, vagina, and anal canal

3 Have many different functions: Connective Tissues (a) Provide support and protection (ex. bone and cartilage) (b) Fill up spaces (ex. blood) (c) Store fat (ex. adipose tissue) (d) Attach structures together (ex. tendons, ligaments & mesentery) Cells in connective tissue are usually in a matrix (a non-cellular material found between cells) which is made up of either collagen or elastin

4 Types of Connective Tissue: 1. Loose join tissues, hold organs in place, fat storage 2. Fibrous bundles of collagen fibers, very strong. Used in tendons (connect muscle to bone) and ligaments (connect bones to other joints) 3. Cartilage has a flexible matrix rich in protein and fibers. Ex. nose, ears, vertebrae, ends of bones. 4. Bone rigid connective tissue. Matrix of calcium salts 5. Blood matrix is liquid called plasma

5 Muscle Tissues Muscle tissue is composed of fibers made mostly of actin and myosin proteins, whose interaction is responsible for movement There are three types: 1. Skeletal Muscle Striated (alternating dark and light bands) Attached to bones Used for movement (voluntary control) Can contract quickly and strongly but will fatigue in time 2. Smooth Muscle Non-striated Found in walls of internal organs, intestines, stomach, blood vessels Involuntary control Contracts more slowly, but can contract over longer periods of time

6 3. Cardiac Muscle Striated, involuntary Forms heart muscle (found only in the heart) Can contract quickly and beats your whole life

7 Nervous Tissues Specialized tissue that forms nerves, brain and spinal cord Conducts electrical & chemical messages along special cells called neurons Neurons are composed of: Cell body Dendrites (conducts messages to cell body) Axon (send messages away from cell body) Bundles of nerve fibres are called nerves Nerves conduct messages to and from spinal cord, brain, and sense organs to register sensation and trigger muscle movement. Glial cells are cells that surround nerve cells Help to support, protect, and nourish nerve cells. They provide nutrients to the neurons and keep the tissue free of debris

8 Glands A single cell or a collection of cells that secrete substances used by the body 1. Exocrine glands Secretes into ducts ( tubes ) Ex. Gall bladder (secretes bile into duodenum through a duct) Ex. Sweat glands (secretes sweat to skin surface) 2. Endocrine glands Secretes chemicals (especially hormones) into the bloodstream Ex. Pituitary gland (produces thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) which promotes the release of thyroxin from the thyroid gland) Ex. Pancreas (secretes insulin into the blood which controls blood sugar levels)

9 Organs Tissues working together Are made up of one or more types of tissues (usually more) ex. Stomach

10 Skin is also an example of an organ Skin has many different functions: a) Covers body surfaces b) Gives protection from water loss c) Prevents invasion by microorganisms d) Contains sense organs e) Helps to regulate body temperature It s your largest organ, and is made of three layers: Epidermis (outer layer) composed of stratified squamous epithelial cells basal cells at base of this layer produce new cells pigment cells (melanocytes) here produce melanin, responsible for skin colour keratin protein hardens skin cells (hair & nails are made of tightly packed keratinized cells) Dermis (middle layer) loose connective tissue with many elastic fibres sweat glands, nerve endings, blood vessels, and hair follicles located here Subcutaneous Layer (bottom layer) loose connective tissue containing adipose cells (fat!)

11 Human Organ Systems Each system is located in specific locations with specific functions Ex. Respiratory system upper body/head, functions in gas exchange Many internal organ systems are enclosed within the coelom (a cavity within the body that helps to maintain a stable internal environment homeostasis) Summary of the Function of Organ Systems: Name Function 1. Digestive convert food to usable nutrients 2. Circulatory transport of necessary molecules to cells 3. Immune defense against invading pathogens 4. Respiratory gas exchange 5. Excretory gets rid of metabolic wastes 6. Nervous & Sensory regulation and control, response to stimuli, processing information 7. Muscular & Skeletal support and movement 8. Hormonal regulation of internal environment, development 9. Reproductive producing offspring

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