Overview of Anatomy and Physioloy II Second Year Students

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3 University of Baghdad College of Nursing Department of Basic Medical Sciences Overview of Anatomy and Physioloy II Second Year Students Asaad Ismail Ahmad, Ph.D. Electrolyte and Mineral Physiology

4 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY - II Brief Contents 1- Cardiovascular System 2- Blood 3- Lymphatic System 4- Urinary System 5- Male Reproductive System 6- Female Reproductive System 7- Sensory Function Asaad Ismail Ahmad, Ph.D in Electrolyte and Mineral Physiology College of Nursing University of Baghdad / asaad @gmail.com

5 Text book Martini FH. Fundamentals of Anatomy and Physiology, 5th ed. Prentice Hall, New Jersey, 2001.

7 References: 1.Barrett KE, Barman SM, Boitano S, Brooks HL. Ganong's Review of Medical Physiology, 23rd ed. McGraw Hill, Boston, Drake RL, Vogl W, Mitchell AWM. Gray's Anatomy for Students. Elsevier, Philadelphia, Goldberger,E A Primer of Water Electrolyte and Acid-Base Syndromes. 5th ed., Lea and Febiger,Philadelphia. 4. Martini, FH and Welch K. Applications Manual Fundamentals of Anatomy and Physiology,4th ed., Prentice Hall, NewJersey, Maxwell, MH and Kleeman CR Clinical Disorders of Fluid and Electrolyte Metabolism. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York. 6.McKinley M, and O'Loughlin VD. Human Anatomy, McGraw Hill, Boston, Nutrition Foundation.1984.Present Knowledge in Nutrition. 5th ed., Nutrition Foundation, Inc, Washington, D.C. 8.Vander A, Sherman J, Luciano D., Human Physiology, 7th ed., McGraw Hill, Boston, 1998.

8 ELEVENTH LECTURE Male Reproductive System 1- Testes ( gonads ) 2- Reproductive tract 3- Accessory glands 4- External genitalia Asaad Ismail Ahmad, Ph.D in Electrolyte and Mineral Physiology College of Nursing University of Baghdad / asaad @gmail.com

9 INSTINCT Complex of unlearned responses characteristic of a species.

10 SEXUAL EDUCATION control, regulation and stability of unconscious sexual drive

12 Functions of Testes 1- Testes ( gonads ): organ produce gametes and hormones

13 HISTOLOGICAL STRUCTURES OF TESTES p Lobules 2- Each lobule contain roughly 800 seminiferous tubules, each seminiferous tubule is about 80 cm in length 3- Interstitial cells ( Leydig cell)

14 STRUCTURES OF TESTIS AND EPIDIDYMIS

15 STRUCTURES OF TESTIS

16 INTERNAL STRUCTURES OF SEMINEFEROUS TUBULES 1- Cells for spermatogenesis (stem cells) a- Spermatogonium (stem cell) b- Primary spermatocyte c- Secondary spermatocyte d- Spermatid e- Spermatozoa 2- Supporting cell a- Sertoli cell sustentacular cell

17 SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES

18 SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES

19 STEPS OR PROCESSES OF SPERMATOGENESIS 1- Mitosis- division of spermatogonia 2- Meiosis- division which produce gamete 3- Spermiogenesis- spermatids differentiation and changes in structures into mature spermatozoa Note: spermatozoa are among the most highly specialized cells in the body

20 SPERMATOGENESIS

21 FUNCTION OF SERTOLI CELL (SUSTENTACULAR CELL) Maintain blood brain barrier Support mitosis and meiosis Support spermiogenesis Secretion of inhibin (hormone depress FSH) ( negative feedback mechanism ) 5- Secretion of androgen-binding protein 6- Secretion of Mullerian-inhibiting factor 1234-

22 MULLERIAN- DUCTS AND MULLERIAN-INHIBITING FACTOR ( MIF ) p.1025 Mullerian ducts : Embryonic ducts developing into vagina, uterus, and fallopian tubes, and becoming largely obliterated in the male. Mullerian - inhibiting factor: (MIF) is secreted by sustentacular cells (sertoli cells) in the developing testes. This hormone cause regression of the fetal Mullerian ducts.

23 BLOOD-TESTIS BARRIERS The semineferous tubules are isolated from general circulation by blood testis barriers, comparable in Function to blood-brain barrier. Sertoli cells joined by tight junctions, forming a layer that divides the seminiferous tubule into an outer contains spermatogonia and inner lumenal compartment Where meiosis and spermiogenesis occur. The sperm contain specific antigen in their cell membranes, which is not found in somatic (body) cell membrane. Therefore, sperm would be attacked by immune system if blood testis barrier became weak.

24 ANATOMY OF SPERMATOZOON (SPERM) 1- Head; contain a- nucleus, contain chromosomes b- acrosomal cap contain hyaluronidase (enzyme for hydrolysis of hyaluronic acid) 2- Middle piece contain mitochondria to produce ATP 3- Tail, the only flagellum in the human body

25 STRUCTURES OF HUMAN SPERMATOZOON

26 MALE REPRODUCTIVE HORMONES GnRH Gonadotropin-releasing hormone FSH - Follicle Stimulating Hormone LH - Luteinizing Hormone Testosterone Inhibin

27 HORMONAL FEEDBACK AND REGULATION OF MALE REPRODUCTIVE FUNCTION P. 1033

28 FEEDBACK REGULATION OF HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARYTESTICULAR AXIS IN MALE

29 Functions of reproductive Hormones 1- GnRH Gonadotropin-releasing hormone: Stimulate pituitary gland to release FSH and LH 2- FSH - Follicle Stimulating Hormone a- stimulate spermatogenesis in seminiferous tubules b- synthesis of androgen binding protein by sertoli cells (sustentacular cells ) 3- LH - Luteinizing Hormone, stimulate leydig cells (intrstitial cells) to secret Testosterone

30 Continue: Functions of reproductive Hormones 4- Testosterone: Male Sexual Hormone secreted by sertoli (interstitial) cells Functions : a- maintain accessory glands secretion and functions of other organ b- maintain male sex characteristic c- stimulate muscles and bones growth d- effect on CNS e- Negative feedback (inhibition) to hypothalamus to inhibit scretion of FSH and LH 5- Inhibin: secreted by sustentacular cells (sertoli cell) Function: Negative feedback (inhibition) to pituitary glang to inhibit FSH secretion

31 ANDROGEN Androgen: Any steroid hormone that promote male characteristic. The two main androgens are: 1- Androsterone 2- Testosteron

32 2- Reproductive tract a- Epididymis (vas deferens) b- Ductus deferens c- Urethra

34 Epididymis Consisting of almost 7 meters long of coiled tube divided into:1- Head 2- Body 3- Tail

35 Ductus deferens (vas deferens) cm long. 2- begins from the tail of epididymis, and ascends through inguinal canal cavity to the posterior margin of the prostate gland to form ampulla of ductus deferens 3- ampulla of ductus deferens can store spermatozoa for several months.

37 INGUINAL CANAL Oblique passage in the lower anterior abdominal wall on either side, through which passes the round ligament of the uterus in the female and the spermatic cord in the male.

38 STRUCTURES OF SPERMATIC CORD Structure extending from abdominal inguinal ring to the testes, composed from:1- Pampiniform plexus 2- Nerves 3- Ductus deferens 4- Testicular artery 5- Deferential artery 6- Lymphatic vessels 7- Fascia (sheet of fibrous tissue )

39 SPERMATIC CORD

40 INGUINAL CANAL AND SPERMATIC CORD

41 Functions of Reproductive tract and accessory glands are Functional maturation of the sperm Nourishment of the sperm Storage of the sperm Transport of the sperm Note: sperms produced by testes are incapable of successful fertilization of an oocyte

42 URETHRA OF MALE ARE IN TWO PARTS: 1- Prostatic urethra 2- Penile urethra

43 URETHRA IN WOMEN AND MEN

44 3- Accessory glands a- Seminal vesicles b- Prostate gland c- Bulbourethral glands

45 4- External genitalia a- Penis b- Scrotum

46 STRUCTURES OF PENIS p Penis: is a coupulatory organ that surround the urethra and serves to introduce semen into female vagina; penis is the equivalent of the female clitoris. The penis divided into three parts:1- Root : connect penis to the floor of pelvis 2- Body : tubular and movable part consist of three masses of erectile tissue a- corpora cavernosa: two cylindrical masses of erectile tissue, each corpus cavernosa surround acentral artery

47 Continue: STRUCTURES OF PENIS p.1031 b- corpus spongiosum: one slender eractile tissue surrond penil urethra, extend to the tip of the penis, where it expands to form the glans. Corpus spongiosum contains two small arteries. 3- Glans : the expanded distal end of corpus spongiosum that surround the external urethral opening

48 ERECTILE TISSUE OF PENIS

50 ERECTILE TISSUE and EJACULATION Erectile tissue: Maze of vascular channels, incompletely separated by partitions of elastic connective tissue and smooth muscle fibers. Ejuculation: Ejection of semen from the penis as a result of muscular contractions of the Bulbospongious and Ischiocavernosus muscles (skeletal muscle) and sympathetic reflex

51 ERECTILE TISSUES OF CLITORIS AND PENIS

52 SEXUAL RESPONSE PATHWAYS

53 PARAMETERS OF SEMEN ANALYSIS p Volume: 2-5 ml 2- Sperm count: each ejaculate contain more than 60 million, and 20 million concentration per ml 3- Motility: 60 % motile 4- Shape: 60 % normal shape 5- Liquefaction: minutes

54 DIFFERENT STAGES OF MALE SEXUAL FUNCTION, PLASMA TESTOSTERONE AND SPERM PRODUCTION

55 DISORDERS OF MALE REPRODUCTION Prostatitis Prostatic hypertrophy Prostate cancer Testicular cancer Impotence: inability to maintain erection 6- Infertility (sterility): inability to conceive and produce offspring 7- Hypogonadism 8- Tumer of adrenal cortex

56 HYPOGONADISM: Adiposogenital syndrome

57 TUMER OF ADRENAL CORTEX Adrenogenital syndrome in a 4-year-old boy

62 THANK YOU

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WELCOME Stage 4 - Ovarian Cancer Symptoms University of Baghdad College of Nursing Department of Basic Medical Sciences Overview of Anatomy and Physioloy II Second Year Students Asaad Ismail Ahmad,