Chapter 1- An Orientation to the Human Body

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Doreen Griffin
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Gross Anatomy: *Regional- all structures in one part of the body (such as the abdomen or leg) *Systemic- gross anatomy of the body studied by system.

1 Chapter 1- An Orientation to the Human Body Overview of Anatomy and Physiology: -Anatomy- of body parts and their relationships to one another. -Gross or Macroscopic= large and easily observable -Microscopic= very small -Derived from the Greek Words= cut (tomy) apart (ana) -Physiology- the study of the function of the body and its part. Gross Anatomy: *Regional- all structures in one part of the body (such as the abdomen or leg) *Systemic- gross anatomy of the body studied by system. *Surface- study of internal structures as they relate to the. (See picture) Microscopic Anatomy: -Cytology: -Histology: -Embryology: Developmental changes of the body before. Levels of Structural Organization: - Chemical: combined to form molecules (simplest level) - Cellular: Cells are made of and are the smallest units of all living things. - Tissue: Consists of similar types of cells - Organ: Made up of 2 or more tissue types. - Organ System: Consists of different organs that. - Organismal: Made up of the (highest level). Organ Systems of the Body: * system -Forms the external body coverings. -Composed of the, sweat glands, oil glands, hair and nails. - deep tissue from injury and vitamin D, helps regulate body temp. *Skeletal System -Composed of bone, cartilage, joints, and ligaments. - and supports body organs. -Provides the framework for muscles to move. -Site of blood cell formation, Hematopoiesis. -Stores.

2 Organ Systems Continued *Muscular System -Composed of muscles and tendons. -Allows of the environment, locomotion and facial expression -Maintaing posture -Produces heat -Muscles have one function- to contract (shorten) *Nervous System -Composed of the brain, spinal column, nerve, and sensory receptors. -Is the acting control system of the body. -Responds to stimuli by activating muscles and glands. *Endocrine System - that produce hormones (You don t need to know the different glands) *Cardiovascular System -Composed of the heart and -The heart pumps blood which carries, nutrients, hormones and other substances. -The blood vessels transport blood throughout the body. *Lymphatic System -Composed of tonsils, spleen, lymph nodes, and lymphatic vessels/ -Picked up leaked from the blood vessels and returns it to the blood. -Help to the body. -Houses involved with immunity. *Respiratory System -Composed of the nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs. -Keeps blood supplied with oxygen and removes Digestive System -Composed of the oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestines, larges intestines and rectum. -Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the. -Eliminates indigestible food as feces. Urinary System -Composed of kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder and urethra.

3 -Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body. - water, electrolytes, and ph balance of the blood. Male Reproductive System -Composed of prostate gland, penis testes, scrotum,and ductus deferens. -Main function is the production of -Testes produce and male sex hormones -Ducts and glands deliver sperm to the female reproductive tract. Female Reproductive System -Composed of mammary glands, ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, & vagina -Main function is to produce offspring. -Ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones -Remaining structures serve as sites for and development of the fetus. -Mammary glands produce to nourish the newborn. Stop Day 1 Notes Necessary Life Functions (1): - Maintain Boundaries- the internal environment remains district from the external *Cellular Level-accomplished by plasma membranes *Organismal Level- accomplished by the skin -Movement- Locomotion, propulsion (peristalsis= and contractility. -Responsiveness- ability to sense changes in the environment and to them. -Digestion- Breakdown of ingested foods Necessary Life Functions (2): -Metabolism- all the reactions that occur in the body. -Excretion- Removal of wastes from the body. -Reproduction-cellular and organismal levels. -Cellular-an original cell divides and produces two identical daughter cells. -Organismal- sperm and egg unite to make a whole new person. -Growth- Increase in size of a body part or of the. Survival Needs: - : Chemical substances used for energy and cell building. - : Needed for metabolic reactions - : Provides the necessary environment fort chemical reactions.

- Maintaining Normal Body Temperature: Necessary chemical reactions to occur at lifesustaining rates.

Homeostasis- *Homeostasis is the ability to maintain a relatively in an ever-changing outside world.

Anatomical Position- -Body is erect, feet slightly apart, palms facing, thumbs point from the body.

4 - Maintaining Normal Body Temperature: Necessary chemical reactions to occur at lifesustaining rates. - Atmospheric Pressure: Required for proper breathing and gas exchange in the lungs. Homeostasis- *Homeostasis is the ability to maintain a relatively in an ever-changing outside world. *The internal environment of the body is in a dynamic state of. *Chemical, thermal, and neural factors interact to maintain homeostasis. Anatomical Position- -Body is erect, feet slightly apart, palms facing, thumbs point from the body. Directional Terms: - Superior and Inferior- toward and away from the head. - Anterior and Posterior- toward the front and back of the body. - Medial, Lateral and Intermediate- toward the midline, away from the midline, and between a more medial and lateral structure. Directional Terms: -Proximal and Distal- closer to and further from the of the body. -Superficial and Deep- Toward and away from the surface.

Body Planes: -Sagittal or Medial- Divides the body into and parts. -Frontal or Coronal- Divides the body into and parts. -Transverse or Horizontal (cross section)- Divides the body into and parts.

* Label the following Body Planes: Label The Following Diagrams: Body Cavities: - cavity: Protects the nervous system, and is divided into 2 subdivisions: -Cranial Cavity is within the skull and

5 Body Planes: -Sagittal or Medial- Divides the body into and parts. -Frontal or Coronal- Divides the body into and parts. -Transverse or Horizontal (cross section)- Divides the body into and parts. -Oblique Section- Cuts made. * Label the following Body Planes: Label The Following Diagrams: Body Cavities: - cavity: Protects the nervous system, and is divided into 2 subdivisions: -Cranial Cavity is within the skull and encases the brain. -Vertebral Cavity runs within the vertebral column and encases the spinal cord. -Ventral Cavity houses the internal organs (viscera) and is divided into 2 subdivisions: -Thoracic -Abdominopelvic -Thoracic Cavity is subdivide into pleural cavities, mediastinum and the pericardial cavity. -Pleural cavities: Each house a lung -Mediastinum: Contains the pericardial cavity and surrounds the remaining thoracic organs. -Pericardial: Encloses the heart.

6 Body Cavities Continued: -The Abdominopelvic cavity is separated from the superior thoracic cavity by the dome shaped. -It is composed of two subdivisions: -Abdominal Cavity- Contains the stomach, intestines, spleen, liver & other organs. -Pelvic Cavity- Lies within the pelvis & contains the bladder, reproductive organs and rectum Label the Following Diagram

7 Ventral Body Cavity Membranes - serosa covering the body walls. - serosa covering the internal organs. -Serous fluid separates the serosae. Abdominopelvic Regions Organs of the Abdominopelvic Regions Abdominopelvic Quadrants

Microscopic Anatomy Cytology study of the cell Histology study of tissues

Microscopic Anatomy Cytology study of the cell Histology study of tissues Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology Dr. Gary Mumaugh Overview of Anatomy and Physiology Anatomy the study of the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another o Gross or macroscopic