Mycotoxins in Saskatchewan Feed Grains

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1 Mycotoxins in Saskatchewan Feed Grains Rex Newkirk, PhD Research Chair in Feed Processing Technology Associate Professor University of Saskatchewan

2 Background Growing/storage conditions in Saskatchewan not typically favorable to grow mycotoxin producing fungi More common in hot wet regions Fusarium has always been a risk but it is now common in Saskatchewan Occurrence of storage molds still relatively rare

3 Fusarium Damage Thin shrunken chalk-like kernels White or pinkish fibrous growth Use 10X to see growth Source: Canadian Grain Commission

4 Fusarium Damaged Kernels Source: Canadian Grain Commission

5 Visual Factors Fusarium Head Blight (FHB) FHB caused by 4 species of fusarium 2 species produce DON F. graminearum F. culmorum Screen for infection visually Test suspect samples for DON

6 Identification of FHB Thin, shrunken, chalk like kernels Positive identification by white or pinkish fibrous growth

7 Fusarium Head Blight Oats Range of infection in Wheat Rye

8 Fusarium in Western Canada in 1996 Source: Canadian Grain Commission

9 The distribution of F. graminearum and soil zones on the prairies, 2005 Source: Canadian Grain Commiss

10 Fusarium in Western Canada 2006 Source: Canadian Grain Commission

11 Source: Canadian Grain Commission

12

13 Fusarium Current Issue Many reports of fusarium in wheat, durum and barley Highly dependent on conditions at flowering In some areas late seeded avoided the disease others this was the material most affected Fungicides commonly used Increase yield but timing is very difficult

14 Fusarium - Current 2014 winter wheat and durum hard hit, very high levels 2016 lots of moisture and heat at flowering Durum very hard hit in South East Malt barley downgraded to feed (>1.0 ppm) Producers looking for solutions Initially 2014 looked like an abnormality but now it looks like it will happen more often

15 Capturing value from Fusarium Infected Grain Gravity tables used to remove the tombstone kernals Several optical seed sorters installed to remove obvious FDK seeds NIR seed sorters starting to get installed

16 Maximum limits of FDK (%) Grade CWAD CWRW No No No No No Feed - 4 Grade, if lowest grade specs not met 10% or less, Sample Canada Account Fusarium Damage, 10% or less, Sample Canada Account Fusarium Damage, Over 10%, Wheat Commercial Salvage Over 10%, Wheat Commercial Salvage

17 EU regulations for DON Product DON limit (ppm) Unprocessed Wheat 1.25 Unprocessed Durum 1.75 Cereals intended for direct 0.75 consumption and flour/semo/pasta Bread 0.5 Baby food 0.2

18 Flow Through of Optical Sorter

19 Optical Sorter

20 Singulation Detection Ejection 20

21 TriQ Sort according to: Vitreousness Durum Protein Barley, Wheat Fusarium Barley, Wheat, Durum

22

23 Fraction Grade $/Tonne % of Total $/Tonne Orig Sample $ % 5 CWAD $ % Com. Sal $0.00 OL Sample 0 13 $0.00 Total value/tonne $ % 4 CWAD $ % Com. Sal $0.00 OL 5 CWAD $18.81 Total value/tonne $ % 4 CWAD $ % Com. Sal $0.00 OL Sample $0.00 Total value/tonne $ % 4 CWAD $ % Com. Sal $0.00 OL Sample $0.00 Total value/tonne $ % FDK $/Tonne

24 13 5.6% FDK CWRW % FUS DON ppm Original

25 CWRW 5.6% FDK Fraction Grade $/tonne % of total $/tonne Orig Sample % Sample % Salvage OL Sample Total value/tonne % 3 CWRW % Salvage OL CW Feed Total value/tonne % 2CWRW % Sample OL Sample Total value/tonne % Feed % Salvage OL Sample Total value/tonne CWRW 5.6% FDK $/Tonne Original

26 Future The potential of fusarium is here to stay Will eventually develop fusarium resistant varieties, some wheat varieties better than others Cleaning/sorting will become much more common Will need to monitor DON levels in ingredients from now on (unless we get a major drought)

27 Contact information Rex Newkirk Cell

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