How to Develop a Balanced Program for Pecan and Chili. Robert R Smith
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1 Essential Plant Nutrients How to Develop a Balanced Program for Pecan and Chili Robert R Smith
2 Nutrition Management Involves Knowledge of: Site/Soil characteristics and chemistry Plant requirements Cropping history Fertilizer inputs Cultural practices (Irrigation, vegetation management, pruning) Tissue analysis Observation and judgement
3 17 Essential Plant Nutrients MACRO-required in relatively large amounts o Non-Mineral Elements Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H) & Oxygen (O) o Primary Nutrients Nitrogen (N) Phosphorus (P) & Potassium (K) o Secondary Nutrients Calcium (Ca), Magnesium (Mg) & Sulfur (S)
4 17 Essential Plant Nutrients MICRO-required in small amounts minor or trace elements o Iron (Fe) o Copper (Cu) o Zinc (Zn) o Boron (B) o Molybdenum (Mo) o Manganese (Mn) o Chlorine (Cl) o Colbalt (Co) o Nickel (Ni)
5 Nutrient Mobility in the Plant Freely Mobile Nutrient moves from mature leaves to all plant parts Low Mobility Very small amounts move from mature leaves to all plant parts Immobile No movement from mature leaves to all plant parts Nitrogen (N) Molybdenum (Mo) Manganese (Mn) Phosphorus (P) Zinc (Zn) Boron (B) Potassium (K) Copper (Cu) Calcium (Ca) Sulfur Nickel (Ni) Iron (Fe) Magnesium (Mg) Chlorine (Cl)
6 Nitrogen* Nitrogen is a structural component of several essential plant parts and compounds. They include... Chlorophyll (note central Mg atom connected to 4 N atoms) Nucleic acids (DNA, RNA) in each cell All proteins Primary Nutrients As a result of these functions, corrections of N shortages result in gains in vegetative growth and higher protein levels.
7 Primary Nutrients Phosphorous* Structural component of proteins, enzymes, nucleic acids, and DNA Photosynthesis (production of sugars and starches) Respiration (producing energy by oxidizing sugars and starches) Energy storage and transfer Cell division and enlargement
8 Primary Nutrients Potassium* Photosynthesis and plant food formation. Sugar and carbohydrate production, transport, and storage. Important, in conjunction with Ca and B, in the proper development of cell walls. Controls plant cell turgor and through this the opening and closing of leaf stoma. This in turn controls the plants ability to effectively respond to drought stress. Potassium affects various quality factors of Pecan Nuts, such as size, weight, and split nuts. Improves a plants ability to combat disease, and to a lesser extent insect and nematode damage.
9 Secondary Nutrients Calcium Calcium is essential for many plant functions. Some of them are Proper cell division and elongation Proper cell wall development Nitrate uptake and metabolism Enzyme activity Starch metabolism
10 Secondary Nutrients Magnesium* Essential for many plant functions. Some of them are Photosynthesis: Mg is the central element of the chlorophyll molecule. Carrier of Phosphorus in the plant Magnesium is both an enzyme activator and a constituent of many enzymes Sugar synthesis Starch translocation Nutrient uptake control Increase Iron utilization
11 Secondary Nutrients Sulfur* Is one of the molecular building blocks for a number of proteins, hormones and vitamins. Function-aids in the formation of oils. Fulfils an important role in the water equilibrium both in the plant and in the soil.
12 (ion Zn ++ ) Micronutrients Zinc Essential for many plant functions. Some of them are Production of Auxins, an essential growth hormone. It activates enzymes in protein synthesis, plus is involved in the regulation and consumption of sugars It is necessary for starch formation and proper root development. It is necessary for the formation of chlorophyll and carbohydrates. The presence of adequate amounts in the tissue enables the plant to withstand lower air temperatures.
13 (ion Mn ++ ) Micronutrients Manganese Essential for many plant functions. Some of them are The assimilation of carbon dioxide in photosynthesis. It aids in the synthesis of chlorophyll and in nitrate assimilation. Manganese activates fat forming enzymes. It functions in the formation of riboflavin, ascorbic acid, and carotene. It functions in electron transport during photosynthesis. It is involved in the Hill Reaction where water is split during photosynthesis
14 (ion Fe ++ ) Micronutrients Iron Essential for chlorophyll production Helps carry electrons to mix oxygen with other elements
15 (ions Cu + & Cu ++ ) Micronutrients Copper Essential for many plant functions. Some of them are It functions as a catalyst in photosynthesis and respiration. It is a constituent of several enzyme systems involved in building and converting amino acids to proteins. Copper is important in carbohydrate and protein metabolism. It is important to the formation of lignin in plant cell walls which contributes to the structural strength of the cells.
16 (boric acid H 3 BO 3 ) Micronutrients Boron Essential for many plant functions. Some of them are Maintaining a balance between sugar and starch. The translocation of sugar and carbohydrates. It is important in pollination and seed reproduction. It is necessary for normal cell division, nitrogen metabolism, and protein formation. It is essential for proper cell wall formation. It plays an important role in the proper function of cell membranes and the transport of K to guard cells for the proper control of internal water balance.
17 (molybdate ion MoO 4= ) Micronutrients Molybdenum Need by plants to utilize nitrogen Aids in plant development Reproduction Symptoms Stunting & lack of vigor. This is similar to nitrogen deficiency, because of the key role molybdenum in nitrogen utilization., Marginal scorching & cupping or rolling of leaves.
18 (ion Cl - ) Micronutrients Chlorine (ion Cl - ) Required for photosynthetic reaction in plants & regulating cell turgor potential. Symptoms Spotting of leaves of small grains, first on older leaves & more severe toward the tip half of the leaf blade., Delayed maturity. Usually there are more problems with too much chlorine or toxicity than with deficiency
19 Nickel (ion Ni ++ ) Micronutrients Used in the conversion of urea to ammonia in plant tissue overall nitrogen metabolism. Symptoms Chlorosis of young leaves., Death of meristem
20 How are nutrients obtained? Nutrients are taken up in water only by active roots. Active root growth is required Water, oxygen, suitable temperatures are required for uptake Leaves are required for nutrient uptake by roots
21 How are nutrients obtained? N, S, Mg, Ca, B are mobile in most soils Water movement delivers these nutrients to roots Mass Flow
22 How are nutrients obtained? Mn, Zn, Cu, Ni, Fe have restricted solubility and movement in soils, hence: o o o Active root growth and soil exploration are critical Nutrients and roots must be in the same place Soils that limit root growth can cause Zn, Fe, Cu deficiencies Root interception and Diffusion K is mobile in some soils but not others o Soil tests to determine K-fixation are essential to K management.
23 How are nutrients obtained?
24 (How and Why?) Value of Soil Testing How Collect soil samples that reflect where roots will be growing Collect samples from all parts of the orchard and build a map of the whole property. Do it and do it right, most soil characteristics change slowly with time. What Soil tests that provide background information on general soil physical and chemical characteristics are essential for all orchards. ph, Lime/Bicarbonate - as an index of potential solubility of natural and applied nutrients CEC, OM as a measure of buffering capacity Salinity, Toxic Elements, nutrient imbalances. Determine K fixation characteristics. For most nutrients (with the exception of K, B), soil analyses of nutrient availability are of limited value and must be evaluated in conjunction with tissue analysis.
25 Soil Type and Texture ph and irrigation water all affect nutrient availability Effect of Soil ph: ph >7.5 < Zn, Cu, Mn, Fe ph < 6.0 < P, Ca, B Old river beds, sandy soils, cuts or fills, etc.) Soil series: Mg, K availability (dolomite, gypsum, lime) Irrigation waters differ in nutrient content
26
27
28 Annual Leaf Tissue Sampling A plant-based measurement which integrates all the factors associated with nutrient extraction from the soil that it inhabits. Provides cause for further evaluation of soil and water quality, and fertilization practices.
29 Where to Sample? (A) middle leaf on a current season, sun-exposed shoot (B) Using middle leaflet pairs sampled from several trees to represent a uniform area.
30
31 Sufficiency Concentration Element for Pecans Sufficiency Concentration Range Nitrogen (N) % Phosphorus (P) % Potassium (K) % Sulfur (S) % Calcium (Ca) % Magnesium (Mg) % Boron (B) ppm Copper (Cu) 6 30 ppm Iron (Fe) ppm Manganese (Mn) ppm Zinc (Zn) ppm Nickel (Ni) >2.5 ppm
32 Sufficiency Concentration Element Prior to Blossoming for Chili First Blossom Opening Early Fruit Set Early Harvest Nitrogen (N) Phosphorus (P) Potassium (K) Sulfur (S) Calcium (Ca) Magnesium (Mg) Boron (B) Copper (Cu) Iron (Fe) Manganese (Mn) Zinc (Zn) Nickel (Ni) >2.5 >2.5 >2.5 >2.5
33 The 4 R s RIGHT RATE o Match demand with supply
34 The 4 R s RIGHT TIME o Determine when uptake from the soil occur o Maximize uptake minimize loss potential.
35 The 4 R s RIGHT PLACE o Ensure delivery to the active roots. o Managing variability across the orchard
36 The 4 R s RIGHT SOURCE o Maximize uptake minimize loss potential
37 Plant Nutrition Principles Nutrients are obtained by living, active roots and growing plants Requires water for uptake No uptake during dormancy Soils must provide adequate water and oxygen for root growth Demand drives uptake Yield potential determines your fertilizer rate, fertilizer rate does NOT determine yield
38 Our Focus Ultra Gro is "agronomic-centric" (we care about the agronomy). Using agronomy, our goal is to bring the "right" solutions to our growers everyday, based upon their needs.
39 We build our products to be "plant-ready". They are highly soluble and available. The grower applies them when the plant or the soil needs them. We are used by growers trying to maximize production or quality, not minimizing inputs.
40 The Ultra Gro Promise For 30 years Ultra Gro has been an early adapter in product development. Today, the philosophy at Ultra Gro remains the same...we are working hard to develop more ways to put the "right" tools in the hands of our growers to enhance their success. We are committed to the "agronomy". Our products work, we are committed to making them better.
41 it s all about the Quality and Performance Creating Value for the Grower!
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