Key Concepts. Why eat? Eat what? Design of digestive systems Processing steps and their hormonal control Challenge of herbivory
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1 Animal Nutrition
2 Key Concepts Why eat? Eat what? Design of digestive systems Processing steps and their hormonal control Challenge of herbivory
3 Animals are heterotrophs, obtain nutrition from other organisms herbivores carnivores omnivores detritivores frugivores
4 What do animals get from food? 1. Energy from chemical bonds 2. C skeletons (ex. acetyl, some amino acids) 3. Minerals - macro- and micronutrients 4. Vitamins
5 Extracting these substances is an engineering problem Different diets need different processing machinery
6 Carnivores large canines, slashing premolars Herbivores sharp incisors and molar grinding surfaces Omnivores relatively unspecialized teeth, to do a little of everything
7 vegetarian mosquito larva has brushy mouthparts to produce currents carnivorous mosquito larva has sorry brushes and large nasty jaws
8 vegetarian mosquito larva has brushy mouthparts to produce currents carnivorous mosquito larva has weak brushes and large nasty jaws
9 gut=long tube continuous space with outside of organism extracellular digestion specialization of different regions
10 Specialized sections esophagus stomach small intestine large intestine
11 Tissue layers are similar along its length AND in different animals From the inside out - mucosa submucosa muscle layers
12 Esophagus Storage? Humans In other animals, can be used for food storage. Honeypot ants enormous storage capacity
13 Stomach Extra muscle Preliminary digestion of protein Some absorption of small molecules
14 Gastric glands contain 3 types of secretory cells mucus hydrochloric acid pepsinogen
15 Mucus protects cell surfaces Hydrochloric acid dissolves extracellular matrix, kills most bacteria, low ph (2) Pepsinogen?
16 zymogens Pepsinogen is an inactive form of a protein-digesting enzyme, pepsin
17 Zymogen activation - they are activated when their catalytic action is appropriate trypsinogen trypsin
18 Pepsinogen is an inactive form of a protein-digesting enzyme, pepsin How is pesinogen activated? By low ph Pepsin works well at low ph
19 The sequence of digestion along the long tube is coordinated by hormones food hormone secretion initiates digestion product inhibits
20 Gastric mucosal cells secrete a hormone, gastrin, in response to food in the stomach
21 food gastrin secretion into bloodstream stomach secretes gastric juices including HCl low ph (very acid) Each hormone can stimulate more than one response
22 food gastrin secretion stomach secretes gastric juices increase stomach movement low ph (very acid) moves mix into small intestine
23
24 Most digestion and absorption takes place small intestine
25 The duodenum is a receiving center. LIVER It receives material from the stomach, the liver, and the pancreas. PANCREAS
26 Structure of the intestine large circular folds villi muscle layers
27 Villi microvilli capillaries lymph duct (lacteal)
28 Surface area of small intestine Tube 3 cm x 6 meters, SA ~0.6 m 2 Circular folds add ~ 3x Villi add ~ 10x Microvilli add ~ 20x 600 x TOTAL SURFACE AREA = 360 m 2 What is this S.A. for?
29 Increased surface area for absorption - general feature of animal digestive systems
30 agents of digestion Liver bile which emulsifies fats Pancreas enzymes to digest carbos, proteins and fats
31 Protein Carbohydrate Amino Acids Monosaccharides The products of both protein and carbohydrate digestion are water soluble
32 This means they CANNOT passively cross cell membranes (lipid bilayer), but they CAN dissolve in the blood
33 Actively transported Once they reach the blood they are carried in solution.
34 Fat and the products of fat digestion are NOT water soluble This means they CANNOT dissolve in the intestine or in blood, but they CAN passively cross cell membranes
35 Digestion of fats 1. bile salts stabilize small fat droplets 2. lipase cuts fats into fatty acids and monoglycerides 3. bile salts are recycled
36 Transport of fat across wall 1. Fatty acids are lipid soluble. They can pass through cell membrane 2. In the intestinal cell, fatty acids are repackaged into chylomicrons 3. Chylomicrons are transported out of cell into lymph system
37 Control of digestion in the SMALL INTESTINE by hormones food delivered from stomach hormone secretion initiates nutrientspecific digestion
38 Examples from the small intestine: 1. Cholecystokinin 2. Secretin
39 muscle movement fats and proteins mix enters the small intestine low ph cholecystokinin (CKK) released by intestinal cells 1. gall bladder releases bile salts 2. pancreas secretes digestive enzymes secretin released by intestinal cells pancreas secretes bicarbonate which neutralizes acid
40 muscle movement fats and proteins chyme enters the small intestine low ph cholecystokinin (CKK) released by intestinal cells secretin released by intestinal cells 1. gall bladder contracts to release bile salts 2. pancreas secretes digestive enzymes pancreas secretes bicarbonate
41 NEXT... the large intestine, where water and ions are reabsorbed *
42 vestigial cecum If evolution is so clever, why do we have appendices?
43 Remember that... Different diets require different processing machinery These requirements are ALSO reflected in the design of the digestive system
44 Plants have tough cell walls. Cellulose: most animals cannot digest (without help from other kingdoms)
45 It isn t easy being an herbivore
46 What to do, gutwise? 1. Longer guts for longer processing time 2. Help from bacteria and protists that have CELLULASE or other useful enzymes 3. Chew well
47 Carnivore Vegetarian
48 Ruminant herbivores Cattle Sheep Goats Deer Giraffes Antelope and their relatives, the camels and llamas
49 Ruminant herbivores and their relatives, the camels and llamas, have multiple stomach compartments bacterial fermentation aiding digestion cud-chewing
50 Ruminants have 4 stomach compartments 1. rumen 2. reticulum 3. omasum 4. abomasum
51 Other cellulose eaters with symbionts
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