Studies on production of vitamin E and selenium enriched Japanese quail egg

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1 Indian Journal of Poultry Science (2016) 51(1): 60-64; Research Article DOI: / Studies on production of vitamin E and selenium enriched Japanese quail egg P. CHITRA 1 *, S.C. EDWIN AND M. MOORTHY Department of Poultry Science, Veterinary College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Namakkal (Tamil Nadu) (Received on December 10, 2013; accepted for publication on March 17, 2015) ABSTRACT Chitra, P., Edwin, S.C. and Moorthy, M Studies on production of vitamin E and selenium enriched Japanese quail egg. Indian Journal of Poultry Science, 51(1): This study was conducted to assess the alpha- tocopherol and selenium level of Japanese quail egg. This trial was conducted in two hundred and ten female Japanese quail birds from seven to twenty six weeks of age. Experimental birds were randomly divided into seven groups viz., T1- Control: Basal diet (standard Japanese quail ration), T2-Basal diet with Vitamin E 150 mg/kg, T3-Basal diet with Vitamin E 300 mg/kg, T4-Basal diet with selenium 0.3 mg/kg, T5-Basal diet with selenium 0.6 mg/kg, T6-Basal diet with combination of Vitamin E 150 mg/kg and selenium 0.3 mg/kg, T7- Basal diet with combination of Vitamin E and selenium 0.6 mg/kg. During the laying period the data on hen housed egg production and hen day egg production showed significant increase in egg production from 7 to 26 weeks of age by supplementation of Vitamin E and Selenium in the Japanese quail. Dietary supplementation with the combination of Vitamin E 300 mg/kg and selenium 0.6 mg/kg indicated significantly enrichment of alpha- tocopherol and selenium level in Japanese quail egg. Key words: Egg production, Japanese quail, Selenium, Vitamin E INTRODUCTION Vitamin E is an excellent biological chain breaking antioxidant in biological membranes, which prevents free radical, induced oxidative damage by trapping reactive oxyradicals (Packer, 1991). Poultry cannot synthesize vitamin E, therefore, vitamin E requirements must be met from dietary sources. Incorporation of vitamin E into poultry diets has been shown to provide oxidative stability and increase the quality of their eggs and reduce the development of off-flavors while increasing egg production (Cherian et al., 1996). Selenium is a required nutrient for poultry. Selenium is an essential component of selenium dependent glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) an enzyme involved in cellular anti-oxidant protection. GSH-Px plays a central role in antioxidant defence in the cell by removing hydrogen peroxide and lipid hydroperoxide is formed during metabolism and superoxide radical dismutation. Eggs enriched with vitamin E and selenium could be placed in functional food category and can substantially increase human vitamin E and selenium status thus help preventing various diseases especially cardio vascular disease, cancer and age-related diseases. Results derived from various research studies conducted over the last few years have indicated that the enrichment of eggs with vitamin E and selenium via supplementation of feeds can be an effective way of increasing human vitamin E and selenium level. The present study was conducted in Japanese quail by considering the anticipated fast growth of Japanese quail rearing in rural *Corresponding author: drpchithupsc@gmail.com 1 Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, TNAU, Coimbatore and urban areas as an alternate in addition to agriculture and chicken production. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of different levels of dietary supplementation of vitamin E and organic selenium in Japanese quail on enrichment of alpha-tocopherol and selenium levels in eggs. MATERIALS AND METHODS This trial was conducted in two hundred and ten female Japanese quail birds from seven to twenty six weeks of age. These birds were wing banded, weighed individually and distributed to seven treatment groups with three replicates of ten females in each. The quails were reared in cages during their entire experimental period adopting standard management practices and quails were fed with weighed quantity of feed adlibitum and had free access to wholesome water. Sixteen hours photo period was provided daily throughout the experimental period from 7 to 26 weeks of age. No vaccination was carried out during the experimental period. The experiment was approved by the Institutional Animal Ethical Committee. The quail diets were formulated as per the standard prescribed by Shrivastav and Panda (1999) except the vitamin E and selenium level. Feed ingredients used for diet formulation were analyzed for vitamin E and selenium content in addition to proximate composition. Vitamin E and selenium were incorporated into the basal diet either independently or simultaneously in the basal quail diet to form seven experimental diets. The ingredients and nutrient composition of quail layer diet are presented in Table 1.

2 Tr. groups Experimental diet No. of birds Basal diet (control) 30 Basal diet + vitamin E 150 mg/kg 30 Basal diet + vitamin E 300 mg/kg 30 Basal diet + selenium 0.3 mg/kg 30 Basal diet + selenium 0.6 mg/kg 30 Basal diet + vitamin E 150 mg/kg + selenium 0.3 mg/kg 30 Basal diet + vitamin E 300 mg/kg + selenium 0.6 mg/kg 30 Table 1: Ingredients and nutrient composition of experimental Japanese quail layer diet (on DM basis) Ingredient (per cent) Layer > 6 weeks Maize Pearl millet - Soybean meal Deoiled groundnut cake Dicalcium phosphate 1.66 Shell grit 7.00 Salt Tamin AB 2 D 3 K 1 10 Choline chloride 60% Trace mineral mixture Biocare 4 30 Methionine 5 30 Layer > 6 Weeks Nutrients (per cent) Ingredients (per cent) Drymatter Crude protein ME (kcal/kg)* 2700 Crude fibre 4.85 Ether extract 3.89 Calcium 3.01 Available phosphorus 0.45 Lysine* 1.02 Methionine* 0.33 Vitamin E (mg/kg) Selenium (mg/kg) * Calculated values 1 Manufactured by M/s. GlaxoSmithkline, Mumbai. One gram of vitamin AB 2 D 3 K supplement contained IU of vitamin A, 50 mg of vitamin B 2, IU of vitamin D 3 and 10 mg of vitamin K. 2 Manufactured by M/s. Jubilant Organosys Ltd. Gujarat, India. 3 Manufactured by M/s. Neospark Drugs and Chemicals Private Ltd., Hydrabad. One gram of trace mineral mixture contained 54 mg of manganese, 52 mg of zinc, 20 mg of iron, 2 mg of iodine and 1 mg of cobalt. 4 Manufactured by M/s. Tetragon Chemie Pvt. Ltd., Bangalore. One gram biocare contained 0.4 mg of biotin. 5 Manufactured by M/s. Sumitomo Chemical Company Ltd., Tokya, Japan. During the laying period, the individual bird body weight and total feed consumption in each replicate group were recorded at the end of every 28 days period. Egg production and mortality if any, were recorded daily. Based on these data, hen day (per cent) and hen housed (number) egg production feed efficiency in terms of quantity of feed consumed per dozen eggs and quantity of feed consumed per kilogram egg mass were calculated. For egg quality studies, at the end of every 28 days laying period, all the eggs laid from all treatment groups were collected for three consecutive days, weighed individually with 0.01 g accuracy. Based on these data, mean egg weight and egg mass were worked out. From these six eggs per treatment were randomly picked up from each day s collection and subjected to measure egg quality parameters such as shape index, albumen index, yolk index, yolk colour, Haugh unit and shell thickness. The shape index was determined by measuring the length and width of the egg by using vernier caliper. Egg shell was broken and the albumen and yolk height were measured with spherometer, where as the length and width of albumen and yolk was measured by using vernier caliper. The albumen and yolk was index were determined as per Heiman and Carver (1936). The shell thickness was measured at three points on the equater using screw gauge. Eggs were collected from all treatment groups in the last three days of every 28 days period to analyse alpha-tocopherol by using HPLC system described by Meluzzi et al. (2000), and selenium by flourometric method described by AOAC (2000). All the parametric data obtained in this study were subjected to analysis of completely randomised design (CRD) for statistical significance as per the methods of Snedecor and Cochran (1994). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The analysis of data on dietary vitamin E and selenium supplementation on the mean body weight of Japanese quail 10 th week and 26 th week of age showed a significant difference (Table 2) among treatment groups. The lowest body weight at 10 th week (260 g) and 26 th week (313 g) of age was observed in unsupplemented (control) group. The inclusion of vitamin E and selenium in Japanese quail diets at different levels showed improved body weight of Japanese quail when compared to unsupplemented groups. Similar findings were observed in broilers and layers Swain et al. (2000), Aravind et al. (2001) and Nageshwara et al. (2003) The analysis of overall hen housed egg production of Japanese quail layers showed highly significant (P<0.01) difference among treatment groups in all the periods up to 22 weeks of age. But the differences were significant (P<0.05) during 22 to 26 weeks of age. The hen day egg production of Japanese quail due to dietary vitamin E and selenium supplementation showed highly Indian Journal of Poultry Science (2016) 51(1): / 61

3 significant (P<0.01) difference among treatment groups during 7-26 weeks of age. Similar findings of increase in egg production due to vitamin E and selenium supplementation were observed in layers by Ganpule and Manjunatha (2003) and Sahin et al. (2003). Different levels of dietary vitamin E and selenium supplementation did not show any significant difference in overall mean feed consumption (Table 2). Lowest overall mean feed consumption was observed in 300 mg vitamin E and 0.3 mg Selenium supplemented group (36.63 g) and highest feed consumption was observed in control group (37.29 g). Similar findings were noticed by Galobart et al. (2001), Ganpule and Manjunatha (2003) and Sahin et al. (2003). The feed efficiency in Japanese quail showed highly significant difference (P<0.01) among treatment groups. Different levels of dietary vitamin E and selenium supplementation did not show any significant difference in egg quality (Table 3). The shape index, albumen index, yolk index, yolk colour, Internal Quality Unit (IQU) and shell thickness did not differ significantly due to supplementation of vitamin E and selenium in the basal diet. Similar observations were reported earlier by Sahin et al. (2003). The effect of different levels of vitamin E and selenium supplementation of Japanese quail from 7 to 26 weeks of age showed highly significant (P<0.01) increase in egg yolk alpha-tocopherol level between treatment groups for various periods of age from 7 to 26 weeks (Table 4.) The alpha-tocopherol level was higher in combination of vit. E (300 mg/kg) and selenium (0.6 mg/ kg) supplemented group ( ) and then followed by vit. E 300 mg/kg diet alone supplemented group ( ), combination of vit. E (150 mg/kg) and selenium (0.3 mg/ kg) supplemented group ( ) and vit. E (150 mg/kg) alone fed group ( ). The alpha-tocopherol level in,, and was respectively 4.4, 4, 2.5 and 2.4 times increased as compared to control group. The results of this study showed a linear relationship between dietary alpha-tocopherol level and egg yolk alpha-tocopherol concentration. Meluzzi et al. (2000), Galobart et al. (2001), Siegel et al. (2001) and Grobas et al. (2002) observed significant improvement in egg yolk alpha-tocopherol due to vitamin E supplementation which is in accordance with the results of this study. The increased egg yolk alpha-tocopherol level in the present study might be due to more absorption of alpha-tocopherol from the intestine and transported in the blood and deposited in the egg yolk. The organic selenium in the dietary supplementation would have helped to retain more alpha-tocopherol in egg yolk through its sparing effect for vitamin E. Japanese quail fed with different levels of vitamin E and selenium had significantly (P<0.01) increased the selenium level in egg yolk, egg albumen and whole egg between treatment groups (Table 5&6). Highest level of selenium concentration (egg yolk, egg albumen and whole egg) was noticed in Japanese quail birds with combination of vitamin E (300 mg/kg) and selenium (0.6 Table 2: Effect of different levels of vitamin E and selenium supplementation on performance of Japanese quail Body Body Mean hen- Mean Feed Feed Egg Egg mass Treatment Weight (g) Weight (g) housed egg per cent consumption efficiency Weight (kg) per groups 10 th Week 26 th Week production hen-day egg (g/bird/day) (kg of feed/ (g) bird (eggs/bird) production 7-26 Weeks dozen eggs) 7-26 Weeks 7-26 Weeks ±2.82 a ±3.42 a ±2.39 a 78.07±1.61 a 37.29± ±0.011 e 12.78± ±0.02 a ±4.07 ab ±5.01 ab ±0.17 b 83.95±0.10 bc 36.87± ±0.001 bcd 12.80± ±0.02 bc ±3.20 b ±4.95 b ±2.07 bc 87.19±1.50 cd 36.71± ±0.010 ab 12.94± ±0.02 cd ±2.82 ab ±4.47 ab ±1.06 b 82.45±0.43 ab 36.99± ±0.005 cd 12.79± ±0.04 b ±3.70 ab ±4.38 ab ±1.11 b 84.60±0.56 bc 36.86± ±0.004 bcd 12.80± ±0.02 bc ±3.49 c ±3.19 c b ±0.92 c 90.43±0.70 d 36.63± ±0.002 a 13.08± ±0.01 d ±4.12 b ±3.41 b ±2.19 bc 86.52±1.24 bcd 37.11± ±0.008 bc 12.91± ±0.08 bc a-d Means within a column with no common superscript differ highly significant (P<0.01) Table 3: Mean egg quality traits of Japanese quails as influenced by dietary supplementation vitamin E and selenium Treatment Egg Shape Albumen Yolk Internal quality Shell Yolk colour groups Weight (g) Index values Index values Index values unit (IQU) Thickness (mm) values (7-26 Weeks) (7-26 Weeks) (7-26 Weeks) (7-26 Weeks) (7-26 Weeks) (7-26 Weeks) (7-26 Weeks) 12.78± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0.06 NS-Non significant 62 / Indian Journal of Poultry Science (2016) 51(1): 60-64

4 Table 4: Mean (±S.E.) alpha tocopherol level (ng/g) in egg yolk of Japanese quail as influenced by supplementing vitamin E and selenium from 7 to 26 weeks of age Treatment groups 10 th Week 14 th Week 18 th Week 22 nd Week 26 th Week 7-26 Weeks - Control ±1.60 a ±2.56 a ±2.24 a ±2.21 a ±2.17 a ±1.49 a -Vitamin E150 mg/kg ±2.35 d ±1.64 d ±2.57 d ±2.36 d ±2.00 d ±1.39 d - Vitamin E 300 mg/kg ±2.89 f ±2.69 f ±2.91 f ±2.63 f ±2.41 f ±2.25 f - Selenium 0.3 mg/kg ±2.05 b ±2.27 b ±1.33 b ±1.73 b ±1.48 b ±1.07 b - Selenium 0.6 mg/kg ±1.64 c ±1.85 c ±1.63 c ±1.73 c ±1.85 c ±1.67 c - Vit-E 150 mg/kg + Se 0.3 mg/kg ±2.82 e ±2.39 e ±3.16 e ±3.17 e ±3.17 e ±1.84 e - Vit-E 300 mg/kg + Se 0.6 mg/kg ±2.96 g ±2.70 g ±2.35 g ±3.19 g ±2.21 g ±1.08 g a-g Table 5: Mean (±S.E.) selenium content (ng/g) in Japanese quail egg yolk and egg albumen as influenced by supplementing vitamin E and selenium from 7 to 26 weeks of age Tr. 10 th Week 14 th Week 18 th Week 22 nd Week 26 th Week 7-26 Weeks Gr. Yolk Albumen Yolk Albumen Yolk Albumen Yolk Albumen Yolk Albumen Yolk Albumen ±1.89 a ±1.29 a ±2.04 a ±1.37 a ±2.08 a ±0.97 a ±2.39 a ±1.47 a ±2.64 a ±1.37 a ±0.95 a ±1.30 a ±2.46 b ±1.69 b ±2.51 b ±1.45 b ±2.46 b ±2.23 b ±2.14 b ±2.07 b ±1.65 b ±1.84 b ±2.00 b ±1.86 b ±2.19 b ±2.50 b ±1.62 b ±1.59 b ±2.19 b ±1.95 b ±2.60 c ±1.57 c ±1.67 c ±1.63 b ±0.64 c ±0.46 b ±3.17 c ±2.25 c ±1.70 c ±2.12 c ±3.10 c ±2.24 c ±2.44 d ±2.71 d ±2.19 d ±1.95 c ±3.06 d ±3.09 c ±3.95 d ±2.21 d ±3.56 d ±2.36 d ±3.91 d ±2.05 e ±3.44 e ±1.56 e ±3.39 f ±2.05 e ±2.93 e ±2.69 d ±2.94 c ±1.84 c ±2.94 c ±1.55 c ±2.85 c ±1.91 d ±2.72 d ±1.98 d ±2.74 e ±2.161 d ±2.22 d ±0.79 c ±4.21 d ±2.31 d ±4.26 d ±2.80 d ±4.21 d ±2.14 e ±4.14 e ±1.67 e ±3.71 f ±1.58 e ±1.38 e ±2.38 d a-e Table 6: Mean (±S.E.) selenium content (ng/g) whole egg of Japanese quail as influenced by supplementing vitamin E and selenium from 7 to 26 weeks of age Treatment groups 10 th Week 14 th Week 18 th Week 22 nd Week 26 th Week 7-26 Weeks - Control 39.20±1.48 a 40.32±1.54 a 39.98±1.50 a 38.25±1.28 a 38.09±1.59 a 38.65±1.15 a -Vitamin E150 mg/kg 61.76±2.36 b 61.06±2.16 b 62.87±2.20 b 61.76±2.36 b 60.65±2.59 b 62.01±3.14 b - Vitamin E 300 mg/kg 69.09±1.88 b 68.65±1.56 b 70.20±1.93 b 69.09±1.88 b 67.98±1.48 b 68.56±2.83 b - Selenium 0.3 mg/kg ±1.74 c ±1.56 c ±1.87 c ±2.10 c ±1.42 c ±1.54 c - Selenium 0.6 mg/kg ±3.52 d ±2.24 d ±3.16 d ±3.47 d ±3.35 d ±1.07 d - Vit-E 150 mg/kg + Se 0.3 mg/kg ±2.61 c ±2.64 c ±2.09 c ±2.69 c ±2.55 c ±2.33 c - Vit-E 300 mg/kg + Se 0.6 mg/kg ±2.89 d ±2.22 d ±2.80 d ±2.93 d ±2.67 d ±1.34 d a-d mg/kg) supplemented group ( ) followed by selenium (0.6 mg/kg) alone fed group ( ), combination of vitamin E (150 mg/kg) and selenium (0.3 mg/kg) supplemented group ( ) and selenium (0.3 mg/kg) alone supplemented group ( ). Concentration of selenium in egg mainly depended on the level of dietary supplementation. Higher the amount of selenium supplementation increased selenium concentration of egg in dose dependent manner. Similar findings were observed by Karadas et al. (2004) in Japanese quail, Davis and Fear (1996), Kenyon and Spring (2003) and Pappas et al. (2004) and Shaik et al. (2005) in broiler breeders. The increased selenium level in the present study might be due to inclusion of organic selenium. Organic selenium had better absorption, bio availability and incorporation in body tissues. Total retention of selenium in the body increased twice or thrice that of inorganic form. CONCLUSION In this study we assessed that dietary inclusion of vitamin E and selenium in the diet of Japanese quail had significant improvement in concentration of vitamin E and selenium. Vitamin E and selenium enriched table eggs perfectly suited to the category of functional foods. Indian Journal of Poultry Science (2016) 51(1): / 63

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