Cellular Respiration Stage 1: Glycolysis
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1 Cellular Respiration Stage 1: Glycolysis
2 What s the point? The point is to make!
3 Glycolysis Breaking down glucose glyco lysis (splitting sugar) glucose pyruvate 6C 2x 3C In the cytosol? Why does that make sense evolutionarily? ancient pathway that harvests energy where energy transfer first evolved transfer energy: organic molecules starting point for ALL cellular respiration but it s inefficient How many are yielded?_ occurs in cytosol That s not enough for me!
4 Evolutionary perspective Prokaryotes first cells; no organelles Anaerobic atmosphere Enzymes of glycolysis are well-conserved life on Earth first evolved without free oxygen (O 2 ) in atmosphere energy had to be captured from organic molecules in absence of O 2 Prokaryotes that evolved glycolysis are ancestors of all modern life
5 Overview 10 reactions convert glucose (6C) to 2 pyruvate (3C) produces: consumes: net yield: glucose C-C-C-C-C-C fructose-1,6bp P-C-C-C-C-C-C-P enzyme DHAP P-C-C-C DHAP = dihydroxyacetone phosphate G3P = glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate enzyme enzyme enzyme 2P i enzyme 2 2 G3P C-C-C-P enzyme enzyme enzyme 2H 2P i pyruvate C-C-C
6 Glycolysis summary ENERGY INVESTMENT invest some -2 ENERGY PAYOFF G3P C-C-C-P 4 harvest a little & a little like $$ in the bank NET YIELD
7 1st half of glycolysis (5 reactions) Glucose priming get glucose ready to split phosphorylate glucose (G G6P) molecular rearrangement (G6P F6P) split destabilized P O glucose CH 2 C CH 2 OH O Glucose 1 hexokinase Glucose 6-phosphate 3 phosphofructokinase 4,5 aldolase isomerase Dihydroxyacetone phosphate 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate (BPG) 2 P i 6 glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase phosphoglucose isomerase Fructose 6-phosphate Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate P i Glyceraldehyde 3 -phosphate (G3P) 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate (BPG) P P O O CH 2 OH O CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 H C CHOH O O CH 2 O P CHOH O O O O O CH 2 O P P P CH 2 OH CH 2 O P
8 2nd half of glycolysis (5 reactions) Energy Harvest production G3P donates H oxidizes the sugar reduces production G3P pyruvate PEP sugar donates P Payola! Finally some! 3-Phosphoglycerate (3PG) 2-Phosphoglycerate (2PG) H 2 O 7 phosphoglycerate kinase 8 phosphoglyceromutase 9 enolase Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) DHAP P-C-C-C Pyruvate P i 6 10 pyruvate kinase G3P C-C-C-P P i 3-Phosphoglycerate (3PG) 2-Phosphoglycerate (2PG) Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) Pyruvate H 2 O O - C CHOH CH 2 O P O - C O H C O CH 2 OH O - C O C O CH 2 O - C O C O CH 3 P P
9 Substrate-level Phosphorylation In the last steps of glycolysis, where did the P come from to make? 9 the sugar substrate H 2 O(PEP) enolase P is transferred from PEP to kinase enzyme Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) Pyruvate 10 pyruvate kinase Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) Pyruvate H 2 O O - C O C O CH 2 O - C O C O CH 3 P I get it! The PO 4 came directly from the substrate!
10 Energy accounting of glycolysis 2 2 Net gain = some energy investment (-2 ) small energy return (4 + 2 ); (-2 invested) 1 6C sugar 2 3C sugars glucose pyruvate 6C 2x 3C But glucose has so much more to give! All that work! And that s all I get?
11 Is that all there is? Not a lot of energy for 1 billon years + this is how life on Earth survived no O 2 = slow growth, slow reproduction only harvest 3.5% of the energy stored in glucose more carbons to strip off = more energy to harvest O 2 O 2 O 2 O 2 O 2 glucose pyruvate 6C 2x 3C Hard way to make a living!
12 But can t stop there! DHAP G3P raw materials products + 1,3-BPG P i P i 6 P i P i 1,3-BPG + Glycolysis 3-Phosphoglycerate (3PG) Phosphoglycerate (3PG) glucose P i pyruvate Going to run out of another molecule must accept H from so is freed up for another round 2-Phosphoglycerate (2PG) H 2 O Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) 9 2-Phosphoglycerate (2PG) H 2 O Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) 10 Predict: which molecule accepts H to recycle? Pyruvate Pyruvate
13 How is recycled to? Another molecule must accept H from H 2 O pyruvate CO 2 recycle who you are O 2 which path you use depends on acetyl-coa Krebs cycle lactate acetaldehyde ethanol
14 Fermentation (anaerobic) pyruvate ethanol + CO 2 3C beer, wine, bread 2C 1C back to glycolysis pyruvate lactic acid 3C 3C back to glycolysis cheese, anaerobic exercise (no O 2 )
15 Alcohol Fermentation pyruvate ethanol + CO 2 3C Dead end process at ~12% ethanol, kills yeast can t reverse the reaction 2C 1C back to glycolysis recycle bacteria yeast Count the carbons!
16 Lactic Acid Fermentation pyruvate lactic acid 3C 3C O 2 back to glycolysis recycle animals some fungi Reversible process once O 2 is available, lactate is converted back to pyruvate by the liver Count the carbons!
17 Pyruvate is a branching point Pyruvate O 2 O 2 fermentation anaerobic respiration mitochondria Krebs cycle aerobic respiration
18 What s the point? The point is to make!
19 And how do we do that? synthase set up a H + gradient allow H + to flow through synthase powers bonding of P i to + P H + H + H + H + H + H + H + H + + P i H + But Have we done that yet?
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