Unit 4- Energy & Cell Processes

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1 Unit 4- Energy & Cell Processes Energy in the ecosystem ATP Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration Fermentation By: Mrs. Stahl Biology

All starts with sunlight and plants. ATP and ADP processes Photosynthesis Anatomy and functions of a plant.

2 Background knowledge Unit Layout Energy- where does it all come from? Review of ecological terms Food webs, food chains, and the transfer of energy in ecosystems. All starts with sunlight and plants. ATP and ADP processes Photosynthesis Anatomy and functions of a plant. Process of photosynthesis and the importance of the chloroplast. Cellular Respiration and Fermentation Bringing Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration and the relationship they have together.

3 Energy- Why do we need it, and where does it come from? Take a few moments to brainstorm

4 Energy is only useable after it is broken down by a series of chemical reactions

chemical energy, ATP, and is used for cellular function.

5 Energy Primary producers or autotrophs, absorb energy from the sun; the producer then turns that energy into chemical energy, ATP, and is used for cellular function. In an ecosystem, that energy travels up a food web or food chain.

7 Let s review some terminology!! Ecology- The study of living things and their surroundings. Organism- individual living thing. Species- a group of organisms that can reproduce together and produce fertile offspring. Ex- humans are the same species. Population- group of the same species. Ex- A group of bottlenose dolphins.

8 Community- group of different species living together. Example- deer, rabbits, and birds. Ecosystem- Made up of both biotic and abiotic factors. Example- rocks, water, deer, rabbits Biome- A region or area that is defined by the climate and plants that grow there. Example- Tropical Rain Forest. Biosphere- Planet Earth

9 Biodiversity- Variety of life Abiotic- Non-living things. Ex- water, sunlight, rocks Biotic-Living things. Ex- Plants and animals Keystone Species- species that keeps an ecosystem in check / holds it together. Example- Sea otters keep the sea urchin population in check so that they don t eat all the kelp (algae). Producers / Autotrophs- make their own food via sunlight. Example- Plants Consumers / Heterotrophs- rely on others for food. Example- Animals

10 Biotic Abiotic Plants Animals Sunlight Water Rocks

11 The variety of life, or the diversity of living things in an ecosystem. Ex- Coral Reef or Tropical Rain Forest Species that keeps an ecosystem balanced / in check. Ex- Sea Otter (keeps the sea urchins from eating all of the kelp).

14 We are adorable!!!

15 Producers Autotrophs Obtain energy from the sun. They make their own food. Photosynthetic Consumers Heterotrophs Rely on others for food / energy.

16 Sunlight is the main source of energy. Green plants, cyanobacteria, some protists (phytoplanktondiatoms, dinoflagellates) Producers make their own energy. Uses chemicals as the primary source of energy. Deep sea hydrothermal vents, marsh flats

17 We know that plants use photosynthesis, but what about organisms that live in the deep sea, where there isn t any sunlight?

18 Some animals don t need sunlight & photosynthesis as a source of energy. Chemosynthesis- process by which organisms use chemical energy to make their food. Example- Deep Ocean Hydrothermal Vents. Chemosynthesis

19 Autotrophs

20 Heterotrophs

21 Types of Consumers Herbivore- Eats only plants Carnivore- Eats only other animals Omnivore- Eats both plants and animals Detritivore- Eats dead organic matter.

22 Herbivores

23 Carnivores

24 Omnivores

25 Detritivores & Decomposers

27 Energy Flow In ecosystems, energy has to flow from one organism to another, and it does this through food chains and food webs, starting with the sun and plants!

28 Food Web Network of feeding relationships and the flow of energy between trophic levels in an ecosystem. Arrows point in the direction which the energy is flowing.

30 Food Chains Shows the feeding relationships for a single chain of producers and consumers. Rabbit eats the grass and the hawk eats the rabbit.

31 How does the energy from the sun flow through an Trophic levels ecosystem? Trophic levels are nourishment levels in a food chain or food web.

Break it down further Primary Producers are plants. Primary consumers are herbivores that eat producers. Secondary consumers are carnivores that eat herbivores.

32 Break it down further Primary Producers are plants. Primary consumers are herbivores that eat producers. Secondary consumers are carnivores that eat herbivores. Tertiary consumers are carnivores that eat secondary consumers. Omnivores, such as humans that eat both plants and animals, may be listed at different trophic levels in different food chains. Write this on the bottom of the 13.6 power notes

33 Trophic Levels Shark Triggerfish Shrimp Plants, algae, phytoplankton

34 Only 10% of the energy is transferred from level to level. 90% is lost as heat: metabolism, hunting, mating, competing, sleeping, migrating, etc., all the daily activities , Tertiary Consumers Secondary Consumers Primary Consumers Primary Producers

35 Diagram that compares energy used by producers, primary consumers, and other trophic levels. Biomass Pyramid Dry mass at each trophic level. The mass of producers needed to support the primary consumers, and so on. Pyramid of numbers The number of individuals at each trophic level.

37 tertiary consumers 5 secondary consumers 5000 Carnivores eat herbivores and more energy is lost primary consumers 500,000 Energy given off as heat Herbivores eat plants but burn some energy in the process producers 5,000,000 Producers use 100% of energy from the sun

38 Review Questions Directions: Find your ATP notes from the Biochemistry unit, and use them to answer the review questions on a separate sheet of paper.

1. What is ATP? 2. Why do your cells need ATP? 3. What makes up a molecule of ATP? 4. How does ATP become ADP? What does it lose and why? 5. Which macromolecule is commonly broken down to make ATP? 6.

39 1. What is ATP? 2. Why do your cells need ATP? 3. What makes up a molecule of ATP? 4. How does ATP become ADP? What does it lose and why? 5. Which macromolecule is commonly broken down to make ATP? 6. Look at the cycle in your notes and explain in your own words what s going on. 7. What is needed to change ADP into ATP? 8. Why is all of this important? 9. Which two macromolecules produce the most energy?

40 ATP AND ADP- OUR MAIN ENERGY CURRENCY phosphate removed

41 ATP- Adenosine Triphosphate Molecule that transfers energy from the breakdown of food molecules to cell processes. Starch molecule Glucose molecule

42 Cells use ATP to: 1. Carry energy 2. Build molecules 3. Move materials by active transport

43 ATP is made up of: Sugar ribose Adenine Three Phosphates

44 ATP has 3 phosphate groups: Third bond is unstable, so it is easily broken When the 3rd is removed, energy is released and ADP is formed.

45 How is ATP made? Breakdown of sugars Starch molecule Glucose molecule

46 How are sugars made? By capturing energy from sunlight and changing it into chemical energy stored in sugars.

Step 2- Reaction takes place and the energy is released for cell functions; meaning the third phosphate fell off.

47 How does ATP work Exactly????? Step 1- The energy carried by ATP is released when a phosphate group is removed from the molecule. The third bond is unstable and is easily broken. Step 2- Reaction takes place and the energy is released for cell functions; meaning the third phosphate fell off. Step 3- ATP (high energy) then becomes ADP (lower energy molecule) because it just lost a phosphate. Step 4-The molecules get broken down and energy gets added. Step 5- Phosphate is added and it s back to ATP!

48 phosphate removed

49 What is needed to change ADP into ATP? Large group of complex proteins and a phosphate

50 Why is this important? The foods that you eat don t contain ATP The food needs to be digested and broken down chemically Everything that you eat has a different calorie amount (measures of energy), therefore different foods produce different amounts of ATP. The number of ATP produced depends on what you eat- Carbohydrates, proteins, or lipids.

molecule. The breakdown of glucose yields 36 ATP.

51 Carbohydrates Carbohydrates are not stored in large amounts in your body because they are the most commonly broken down molecule. The breakdown of glucose yields 36 ATP. Carbohydrates DO NOT provide the body with the most ATP. Lipids do!

52 Lipids Store the most energy, about 80% of the energy in your body. When they are broken down they yield the most ATP, 146 ATP

53 Proteins Store about the same amount of energy as carbohydrates, but they are less likely to be broken down to make ATP. The amino acids that cells can break down to make ATP are needed and used to build new proteins.

54 Summary The number of ATP molecules depends on the number of carbohydrates, lipids, or proteins broken down. The organic compound most commonly broken down to make ATP = carbohydrates.

55 Fun Video CPIHvk

Standard B-3: The student will demonstrate an understanding of the flow of energy within and between living systems.

Standard B-3: The student will demonstrate an understanding of the flow of energy within and between living systems. B-3.1 Summarize the overall process by which photosynthesis converts solar energy into chemical energy and interpret the chemical equation for the process. Taxonomy Level: 2.4-B and 2.1-B Understand Conceptual