INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Volume 2, No 2, Copyright 2010 All rights reserved Integrated Publishing Association

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1 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Volume 2, No 2, 2011 Copyright 2010 All rights reserved Integrated Publishing Association Research article ISSN Use of Sesame Bran (Industry Byproduct) in the Broiler Chicks Diet and its effects on the performance and Department of Poultry Production and Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Technology and Fish Science, University of ALneelain, Khartoum, Sudan. P.O. Box: doi: /ijes ABSTRACT The study was carried out to evaluate the effects of partially replacement of sorghum (Fetrita) with sesame in the broiler chicks diet, on the performance and carcass quality. The experiment was conducted at the experimental poultry farm (open sided house) of Faculty of Agricultural Technology and Fish Sciences, University of Alneelain, Jebel-Awlia, Khartoum South. A total of ninety, one-day-old unsexed broiler chicks (Hubbard) were assigned into nine pens in groups of ten chicks in a pen, in a completely randomized design. The experiment lasted 5 weeks (8 42 day). Three experimental iso-caloric and iso-nitrogenous diets were supplied ad libitum. 10% of sorghum was replaced with sesame + 0.1% of enzyme in the first experimental diet. In the second diet 20% of sorghum was replaced with sesame + 0.1% of enzyme. The third one which is the control was free of sesame and enzyme. Each experimental diet was fed to three replicates. consumption, weight gain, feed conversion ratio and carcass quality characteristics (Dressing, Heart, gizzard, liver and abdominal fat %) were recorded for the individual replicate of each dietary treatment. Partially replacement of sorghum with 10 or 20% sesame + 0.1% enzyme resulted in a significant (P< 0.05) increased feed consumption and poor feed conversion ratio comparing to the control diet during finisher and whole periods. Replacement of 10 or 20% 0f sorghum with sesame resulted in insignificant (P> 0.05) effect on weight gain comparing to the control diet, during starter, finisher and whole periods. 10% replacement of sorghum with sesame produced significant (P< 0.01) lower final live body weight and (P< 0.05) dressing %, and 20% replacement of sorghum showed only significant (P< 0.01) lower final live body weight than control diet. It was concluded that replacement of 10 or 20% of sorghum with sesame in the broiler chick diet with ion of enzyme produces adverse effects on performance and dressing% only during finisher period, but not during starter period during which it was recommended to reduce the cost of feed. Keywords: Broilers, Carcass, Enzyme, Performance, Sesame. 1. Introduction In Sudan the cost of the poultry products is very high because increase in the cost of feed ingredients specially energy. Therefore nutritionists searching for cheap available alternative sources of energy. Sesame is a bi-product of sweet industries. Its content of fibre (non starch polysaccharides) is expected to be high similar to other bi-products (wheat, oat and rye ). It was reported that, higher level of fibres (NSPs) in broiler diet increased intestinal length specially caecum length and weight, and decreased digestibility of all nutrients (Jørgensen et al., 1996). Many researchers reported the anti-nutritive activity of non-starch polysaccharides (NSPs) when introduced in the broiler diets. Choct, M. and Annison, G. (1990) found that, higher inclusion of wheat pentosans in broiler diet Received on September 2011 Published on November

2 significantly reduced growth and feed efficiency. Annison and Choct (1991) assured that, depending on the dose of inclusion pentosans of wheat and rye reduced nutrient digestibility and growth of broilers. In addition Lavinia et al., (2010) noticed that, wheat (NSPs) affect nutritional, productive and digestive parameters when added to broiler diet. Authors recommended use of enzymes in broiler diet to overcome deleterious effects of (NSP) on broiler performance. Żyła et al., (2000) observed that, when broilers offered wheat-based low-phosphorus diets with phytase and acid phosphatase and also with pectinase, citric acid and calcium revealed increased body weight gain, feed consumption, feed efficiency and decreased intestinal viscosities. It was reported that, use of ß-glucanases enzyme in barleybased diet for poultry increases body weight gain (Broz and Frigg, 1986) and increase feed efficiency (Newman and Newman, 1987). Study was performed to evaluate effect of partial replacement of sorghum with sesame plus enzyme on performance and carcass quality characteristics. 2. Materials and Method 2.1 Test Specimens The experiment was conducted at the experimental poultry farm (open sided house) of Faculty of Agricultural Technology and Fish Sciences, University of Alneelain, Jebel Awlia, Khartoum South. Ninety one day old, unsexed commercial broiler chicks (Hubbard) were assigned into 9 pens in groups of 10 chicks in a pen. Each pen was provided with feeder and drinker. Each experimental diet was fed to 3 replicates, in a completely randomized design. Broiler chicks were kept on a deep litter floor system. Three experimental iso-caloric and isonitrogenous diets were formulated according to proximate analysis of sesame as described by AOAC (1984) (Table 1) to meet or exceed the (NRC, 1994) requirements of broiler chicks. Table 1: Determined analysis of Sesame sample Item % Dry matter Fat 4.76 Crude protein 13.8 Crude fibre Ash Nitrogen free extract Materials properties 10% of sorghum was replaced with sesame + 0.1% of enzyme in the first experimental diet. In the second diet 20% of sorghum was replaced with sesame + 0.1% of enzyme. The third one which is the control was free of sesame and enzyme. The experiment lasted five weeks (8 42 days). During the first week birds fed on pre-starter diet for 5 days (Table 3) then on the control diet for 2 days. Composition and calculated analysis of experimental diets shown in Table 2 a and 2 b. and water were provided ad libitum. consumption, weight gain and feed conversion ratio were recorded weekly for the individual replicate of each dietary treatment. At the end of the experiment 2 chicks from each replicate within each treatment was randomly selected and weighed to obtain average live body weight, 617

3 then slaughtered by a sharp knife for complete bleeding and feather was plucked. Head, viscera and shanks were removed. Carcass was left for one hour to remove excess water. Dressing percentage was calculated without giblets using the following equation: Carcass weight Dressing percentage = x 100 Live body weight Heart, gizzard, liver and abdominal fat were weighed and the weight of each part was calculated as a percentage of the carcass weight. Mortality was recorded as it occurred. Routine and occasional management, vaccination and medication were carried out as and when due. The data generated from the experiment was subjected to analysis of variance. Duncan's multiple range test was used to assess significance of difference between means as described by Little and Hills (1978). Table 2 a : Composition and calculated analysis of experimental diets Ingredients A (Control) B (10% sesame ) Starter% Finisher% Starter% Finisher% Sorghum (Feterita) Ground nut Cake Sesame Cake Wheat Super Concentrate* Dicalcium phosphate Oyster shell Cholin Enzyme Anti-aflatoxin Oil Sesame Vitamin (Premix) NaCl Total Metabolizable energy (Kcal/Kg) Crude protein (%) Lysine (%) Methionine (%) Calcium (%) Available phosphorous (%) *Cp 40%, ME 2000 kcal/kg, C. fiber 3%, EE 3%, Ash 34%, Ca 8%, Av. P 1.38%, Lysine 12%, Methionine 3%, Methionine + Cystine 3.5%. Vitamin A IU/kg, Vitamin D IU/kg, Vitamin E 500 mg/kg, Vitamin K3 60 mg/kg, Vitamin B1/Thiamin 20 mg/kg, Vitamin B2/Riboflavin 100 mg/kg, Niacin Vitamin PP 600 mg/kg, Pantothenic acid/vitamin B3 160 mg/kg, Vitamin B6/Pyridoxine 40 mg/kg, Vitamin B mcg/kg, Biotin/Vitamin H 2000 mcg/kg, Choline mg/kg, Vitamin C 4000 mg/kg, Folic Acid 30 mg/kg, Iron 800 mg/kg, Manganese 1400 mg/kg, Copper 120 mg/kg, Zinc 1000 mg/kg, Iodine 6 mg/kg, Cobalt 12 mg/kg, Selenium 3 mg/kg Pentoxanase+ xylanase+ Bacterial α-amylase+ Nutral protease+ Fungal ß- glucanase+cellulase. 618

4 Table 2 b : Composition and calculated analysis of experimental diets Ingredients C (20% sesame ) Starter% Finisher% Sorghum (Feterita) Ground nut Cake Sesame Cake Wheat Super Concentrate* 5 5 Dicalcium phosphate Oyster shell Cholin Enzyme Anti-aflatoxin Oil Sesame Vitamin (Premix) NaCl Total Metabolizable energy (Kcal/Kg) Crude protein (%) Lysine (%) Methionine (%) Calcium (%) Available phosphorous (%) *Cp 40%, ME 2000 kcal/kg, C. fiber 3%, EE 3%, Ash 34%, Ca 8%, Av. P 1.38%, Lysine 12%, Methionine 3%, Methionine + Cystine 3.5%. Vitamin A IU/kg, Vitamin D IU/kg, Vitamin E 500 mg/kg, Vitamin K3 60 mg/kg, Vitamin B1/Thiamin 20 mg/kg, Vitamin B2/Riboflavin 100 mg/kg, Niacin Vitamin PP 600 mg/kg, Pantothenic acid/vitamin B3 160 mg/kg, Vitamin B6/Pyridoxine 40 mg/kg, Vitamin B mcg/kg, Biotin/Vitamin H 2000 mcg/kg, Choline mg/kg, Vitamin C 4000 mg/kg, Folic Acid 30 mg/kg, Iron 800 mg/kg, Manganese 1400 mg/kg, Copper 120 mg/kg, Zinc 1000 mg/kg, Iodine 6 mg/kg, Cobalt 12 mg/kg, Selenium 3 mg/kg Pentoxanase+ xylanase+ Bacterial α-amylase+ Nutral protease+ Fungal ß- glucanase+cellulase. 3. Findings Table 3 showed that, replacement of sorghum with 10 or 20% sesame + 0.1% enzyme to broiler chick diet had no significant (P> 0.05) effect on feed consumption, body weight gain and feed conversion ratio comparing to the control diet during starter period (8-21 days), but replacement of sorghum with 10% sesame resulted in significant (P< 0.05) higher body weight gain than replacement of sorghum with 20% sesame. Table 4 revealed that, partial replacement of sorghum with sesame during finisher period (22-35 days) resulted in significant (P< 0.05) increased feed consumption and poor feed conversion ratio, and insignificant (P> 0.05) effect on body weight gain comparing to the control diet. Inclusion of sesame instead of sorghum in the broiler diets during whole period (8-35 days) produced significant (P< 0.05) poor feed conversion ratio. Only 10% replacement of sorghum with 619

5 sesame led to significant (P< 0.05) increase in feed consumption when compared to control diet. No significant (P> 0.05) effect on body weight gain was observed as a result of replacing sorghum with sesame in broiler diet (Table 5). Significant (P> 0.01) lower final live body weight was recorded by birds fed on diet in which sorghum partially replaced with sesame compared to those offered control diet. Only 10% replacement of sorghum with sesame showed significant (P< 0.05) lower dressing% than control diet. Partial replacement of sorghum with sesame had no effects on liver, Gizzard, heart and abdominal fat% (Table 6). Table 3: Effects of to broiler chicks diet on the performance during the starter period (8 21 days). Consumption Weight Gain Conversion Ratio (kg feed/ kg weight) Zero % 10% 20% ±SE 5% SSR ab a b Mortality (%) Values are mean of four replicate groups of six birds each. SE: Standard error of the mean difference. a-c values in the same raw with different superscripts are significantly different. SSR: Shortest Significant Range **: Highly significantly different (p < 0.01). Table 4: Effects of to broiler chicks diet on the performance during the finisher period (22 35 days). Zero % 10% 20% ±SE 5% SSR b a a Consumption Weight Gain a 2.60 b 2.43 b Conversion Ratio (kg feed/ kg weight) Mortality (%) Values are mean of four replicate groups of six birds each. SE: Standard error of the mean difference. a-c values in the same raw with different superscripts are significantly different. SSR: Shortest Significant Range 620

6 **: Highly significantly different (p < 0.01). Table 5: Effects of to broiler chicks diet on the performance during the whole period (8 35 days). Consumption Weight Gain Conversion Ratio (kg feed/ kg weight) Zero % 10% 20% ±SE 680 b a ab a 2.55 b 2.45 b Mortality (%) Values are mean of four replicate groups of six birds each. SE: Standard error of the mean difference. a-c values in the same raw with different superscripts are significantly different. SSR: Shortest Significant Range **: Highly significantly different (p < 0.01). 5% SSR Table 6: Effects of to broiler chicks diet on the carcass quality of broilers 0% 10% 20% 5% SSR ion of sesame supplementa tion of supplementa tion of SE ± Live body weight (gm) Dressing % sesame sesame a c b ** a b ab Liver % Gizzard % Heart % Abdomina l fat % Values are mean of four replicate groups of six birds each. SE: Standard error of the mean difference. a-c values in the same raw with different superscripts are significantly different. SSR: Shortest Significant Range **: Highly significantly different (p < 0.01). 621

7 4. Discussion Absence of significant reduction in body weight gain, feed consumption and feed conversion ration due to replacement of sorghum with sesame of higher fibre content, during starter period was expected due to the addition of enzymes combination (Pentoxanase+ xylanase+ α- amylase+ protease+ß-glucanase+cellulase), i.e. enzymes overcome deleterious effects of nonstarch polysaccharides content of sesame on the broiler performance. Mathlouthi et al., (2002) reported that, feed consumption, body weight gain and feed conversion ratio were improved as a result of ion of xylanase and ß-glucanase to the wheat and barleybased diet for broilers from 3 to 25 days of age. It was reported that, use of ß-glucanases enzyme in barley-based diet for poultry increases body weight gain (Broz and Frigg, 1986) and increase feed efficiency (Newman and Newman, 1987). Significant poor feed conversion and increased feed consumption during finisher and whole periods (Tables 5 and 6), and reduced final live body weight and dressing% (Table 7) as a result of partial replacement of sorghum with sesame may be due to the higher fibres content of sesame (20.34%) Lavinia et al., (2010), and enzyme ion was unable compensate its deleterious effects. Mouräo et al., (2006) noticed that, addition of exogenous ß-glucanases and ß- xylanases to the diets containing rye and rye + alfalfa failed to improve bird performance. Ponte et al., (2004) assured fail of exogenous enzyme to compensate effect of alfalfa in the broiler diet. Authors explained that inability of enzymes to improve bird performance occurred because enzyme inhibition or proteolysis in the gastrointestinal tracts of the birds. Mouräo et al., (2006) added that lack of enzyme effect in older birds is possible. In addition, as mentioned by Saleh et al., (2004) presence of protease in the enzyme combination may lead to digestion of other enzymes hence affect their activities. Insignificant effect produced by partial replacement of sorghum with sesame + enzyme on liver, gizzard, heart and abdominal fat% (Table 7) was assured by Nahas and Lefrançois (2001) who found insignificant effect of addition of whole barley with enzyme to grower and finisher broiler diets on liver, gizzard, heart and abdominal fat %. 5. Conclusion It was concluded that, partial replacement of sorghum with sesame + enzyme up to 20% is recommended during starter period without any adverse effect on broiler performance, but during finisher period will produce adverse effect on broiler performance and dressing%. Acknowledgement The authors wish to thanks Khalid Mohamed Kheir and Rania Jumaa Abiadh for their appreciated help in data collection. 6. References 1. Annison, G. and Choct, M (1991), anti-nutritive activities of cereal non-starch polysaccharides in broiler diets and strategies minimizing their effects. Worl. Poult. Sci. J., 47(3), pp Association of Official Analytical Chemists (1984), official Method of Analysis, 14 th ed., Washington, D.C. 622

8 3. Broz, J. and Frigg, M (1986), effects of beta-glucanase on the feeding value of broiler diets based on barley or oats. Archiv. für. Geflügelkunde, 50, pp Choct, M. and Annison, G (1990), anti-nutritive activity of wheat pentosans in broiler diets. Br. Poult. Sci., 31(4), pp Jørgensen, H., Zhao, X. Q., Knudsen, K. E. and Eggum, B. O (1996), the influence of dietary fibre source and level on the development of the gastrointestinal tract, digestibility and energy metabolism in broiler chickens. Br. J. Nutr., 75(3), pp Lavinia, S., Dan, D., Nicolae, C., Eliza, S., Ducu, S. and Calin, J (2010), evaluating the anti-nutritive effect of non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) correlated with the nutritional, digestive and productive performance indices in broilers. Romanian Biotechnological Letters, 15(5), pp Little, T. M and Hills, F.J (1978), the completely randomized design and mean separation. Agricultural Experimentation: Design and Analysis. Academic Press. New York. 8. Mathlouthi, N., Mallet, S., Saulnier, L., Quemener, B. and Larbier, M (2002), effects of xylanase and ß-glucanase addition on performance, nutrient digestibility and physico- chemical conditions in the small intestine contents and caecal microflora of broiler chickens fed a wheat and barley-based diet. Anim. Res., 5, pp Mouräo, J. L; Ponte, P. I. P; Prates, J.A. M; Centeno, M. S. J; Ferreira, L. M. A; Soares, M. A. C and Fontes, C. M. G. A (2006), use of ß glucanases and ß -1, 4 xylanases to supplement diets containing alfalfa and rye for laying hens: Effects on bird performance and egg quality.j. Appl. Poult. Res, 15(2), pp Nahas, J. and Lefrançois, M. R (2001), effects of feeding locally crown whole barley with or without enzyme addition and whole wheat on broiler performance and carcass traits. Poult. Sci., 80, pp National Research Council (1994), nutrient Requirements of Poultry. 9 th edition. National Academic Press. Washington D. C. 12. Newman, R. K. and Newman, C. W (1987), Beta-glucanase effect on the performance of broiler chicks fed covered and hulless barley isotypes having normal and waxy starch. Nutr. Rep. Inter., 36, pp Ponte, P. I. P., Ferreira, L. M. A., Soares, M. A. C., Aguiar, M. A. N. M., Lemos, J. P. C., Mendes, I. and Fontes, C. M. G. A (2004), use of cellulases and xylanases to supplement diets containing alfalfa for broiler chicks: effects on bird performance and skin color. J. Appl. Poult. Res., 13, pp Saleh, F., Ohtsuka, A., Tanaka, T. and Hayashi, K (2004), Carbohydrases are digested by proteases present in enzyme preparations during in vitro digestion. J. Poult. Sci., 41(3), pp

9 15. Żyła, K., Koreleski, J., Światkiewicz, S., Wikiera, A., Kujawski, M., Piironen, J. and Ledoux, D. R (2000), effects of phosphorolytic and cell wall-degrading enzymes on the performance of growing broilers fed wheat-based diets containing different calcium levels. Poult. Sci., 79, pp