Blossom end rot of Anab e Shahi grape (Vitis vinifera L.)

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1 Viti 11, 2933 (1972) College of Agriculture, A. P. Agricultural Univerity, Hyderabad, India loom end rot of Anab e Shahi grape (Viti vinifera L.) by G. SATYANARAYANA and S. D. SmKHAMANY 1 ) Fruchtendenfäule bei der Reborte AnabeShahi (Viti vinifera L.) Zu ammen fa u n g. Um die eziehung der N, P, K, Ca und MgErnährung zur Fruchtendenfäule (loomend rot) der Reborte AnabeShahi zu klären, wurden latttiele, lattpreiten, eeren und eerenhäute au je 5 Rebanlagen ohne erkrankte und mit erkrankten eeren unterucht. Die Ergebnie zeigen, daß weniger die verchieden tarke Aufnahme de Calcium durch die Rebe al eine unzulängliche Aimilation de Calcium durch die Früchte für da Auftreten der Krankheit verantwortlich it. Introduction loomend rot occur in tomato (CHAMERLAIN 1933, STOUT 1934, FOSTER 1939, YouNG 1942, RALEIGH and CHUCKA 1944, AN1Aux 1956, GERALDSON 1957 a, b, and SPURR 1959) and pepper (GERALDSON 1957 a) but it occurrence in grape ha not, o far, been reported. During thi diorder affecting the berrie of AnabeShahi grape (Fig. 1) wa oberved in certain vineyard in Hyderabad, the foremot centre of viticulture in India. Fig. 1: AnabeShahi berrie with increaing everity of bloomend rot. loomend rot i commonly attributed to variou nutritional factor. In olution culture experiment on tomato, a early a 1939, RALEIGH found that deficiencie of microelement did not induce bloomend rot, but with olution lacking the major element typical bloomend rot ymptom did develop. Thi diorder ha been largely attributed to the factor affecting the availability of calcium to the developing fruit (AN1Aux 1956, GERALDSON 1957 a, SPURR 1959). LYON et al. (1942) reported that where the rot wa mot evere, the fruit wa low in calcium content and high in potaium and magneium. The preent tudy wa therefore made to a the aociation of the major nutrient level in the leave and berrie with the incidence of the rot in AnabeShahi grape. ') Preent addre: Senior Reearch Aitant, Intitute of Horticultural Reearch, angalore6, India.

2 30 G. SATYANARAYANA and S. D. SHIKHAMANY Material and Method For the preent tudy, the leaf and berry ample were collected from five vineyard howing the ymptom of bloomend rot and five healthy (normal) vineyard. The content of nitrogen, phophoru, potaium, calcium and magneium were determined in petiole and leaf blade eparately. The berrie were cut tranverely for talkend and bloomend halve which were analyed for calcium and magneium. The kin of the bloomend and talkend halve were alo analyed for calcium and magneium content. The ample were wahed, dried and powdered following the tandard laboratory procedure. Nitrogen wa determined by the modified microkjcldahl method given by IAE agency (ANONYMou 1964), phophoru wa etimated by the vanadomolybdate method given by JACKSON (1958) and potaium by the flame photometer method given by P1PER (1944). Calcium and magneium were determined by the verenate titration method given by the U.S. Salinity Laboratory Staff, after eliminating the interfering cation a uggeted by JACKSON (1958). Reult and Dicuion In general, the leave of bloomend rot affected vineyard tended to contain more nitrogen, phophoru and potaium but le calcium and magneium than Ta ble 1 Nutrient content of the leave of bloomend rot affected and healthy vineyard of AnabeShahi Sample No. p Content in mg/100 mg on dry weight bai or Nitrogen Phophoru Potaium Calcium Magneium 1 p !) 2 p G 3 p p p Mean p % deviation from p healthy leave P = Petiole; = Leaf blade. A = Affected ample; H = Healthy ample.

3 loomend rot of AnabeShahi grape 31 Ta ble 2 Calcium and magneium content of the bloomend rot affected and healthy berrie of AnabeShahi Sample No. or A errie H Content in mg/100 mg on dry weight bai Calcium Peel Magneium errie Peel * 0.18 '* * * Mean % deviation from healthy berrie = loomend half; S = Stalkend half. A = Affected ample; H = Healthy ample. Peel could not be analyed a ample ize wa very mall. thoe of normal vineyard. Thee difference, however, were tatitically not ignificant (Table 1). The data on berry analyi, given in Table 2, indicate that in bloomend rot affected berrie the calcium content of bloomend halve wa le than that of talkend halve. lt i alo een that the bloomend of the affected berrie had le calcium than thoe of the healthy one, while the poition wa revered in repect of talkend. However, the difference between the calcium content of the.l$:in of talkend halve and bloomend halve, both in healthy and rot affected berrie, were not appreciable. The magneium content on the other hand wa higher in the bloomend than in the talkend. ut the difference were ignificant oply in rot affectcd berrie (Table 3). The magneium content in the kin of the two halve of the fruit reflected the ame trend. The kin of the bloomend halve had a ignificantly higher magneium content than thoe of the talkend one in affected berrie but not in healthy one. Compared with healthy berrie, the bloomend kin of the affected berrie had 111.5% more magneium (highly ignificant) while the talkend kin had 45.4% le magneium. When the ratio of calcium to magneium wa worked out (Fig. 2), it wa ignificantly higher in the talkend halve than in the bloomend halve of the affected berrie (Table 3). In the healthy berrie the ratio between the two halve wa not ignificantly different. The poition wa imilar in the kin. Compared

4 32 G. SATYANARAYANA and S. D. SmKHAMANY Ta ble 3 Difference in the mean of the nutrient content and their ratio in the bloomend rot affected and healthy berrie of AnabeShahi grape Mean teted S errie Peel t value AH errie Peel 1. Ca in the healthy ample Ca in the affected ample Ca in the talkend 4. Ca in the bloomend 5. Mg in the healthy ample Mg in the affected ample 3.51 * 7. Mg in the talkend 8. Mg in the bloomend loomend Ca/talkend Ca 10. loomend Mg/talkend Mg 11. Ca/Mg in the affected berrie 4.58* 12. Ca/Mg in the healthy berrie Ca/Mg in the talkend 14. Ca/Mg in the bloomend 9. S = Stalkend content; = loomend content. A = Affected ample; H = Healthy ample. Significant at 5% P level; Significant at 1 /, P level infinity** 7.68** * ** ** * to healthy berrie the Ca/Mg ratio wa ignificantly lower in the bloomend kin of the affected berrie (Fig. 2). A hown above, there were no ignificant difference in the calcium and magneium content of petiole and leaf blade of the affected and healthy vineyard. ut difference in magneium content and in the ratio of calcium to magneium in berrie and kin were ignificant. Thi tatu revealed that there wa no difference in the aborption of nutrient but only in their aimilation. Low Cl E OE> 0.05 ::::: c.o ::!: liliil Affected berrie D Healthy berrie errie Peel c,10.0 ::!:,2 9.0 <3 8.0 Ö j 6.0 CC i11 1li n 11: :,1 1 i '1: 111 "'.J errie Peel Fig. 2: Mg content and the ratio of Ca to Mg in bloomend rot affected and healthy berrie. : loomend; S: Stalkend.

5 loomend rot of AnabeShahi grape 33 level of calcium in the bloomend aociated with high magneium level i preumably due to a compenating uptake of magneium. The Ca/Mg ratio of the bloomend of berrie appear to be cloely aociated with thi diorder. A calcium could not be aborbed by the kin of the bloomend in rotten berrie, more magneium might have been tranlocated a a ubtitute of calcium to maintain ionic equilibrium. Thu, the higher magneium content in the bloomend of the affected berrie may not be the caue for thi diorder, but the reult of low calcium aborption by the rotten berrie. Further work will be needed to elucidate the caue for the low Ca/Mg ratio in the affected berrie. Summary To ae the aociation of N, P, K, Ca and Mg nutrition with "loomend rot" of AnabeShahi grape, petiole, leaf blade, berrie and peel from five normal and five rotaffected vineyard were analyed. Reult of the analyi indicated that the defective calcium aimilation by fruit i reponible for thi diorder, rather than the differential uptake of calcium by vine. Literature Cited 1. ANONYM au, 1964: Technical report, erie No. 29. Laboratory training manual on the ue of iotope and radiation in oil plant relationhip reearch. I.A.E. Agency, Vienna. 2. AN1Aux, J. R., 1956: Symptome provoque chez la tomate par une double carence cationique. Acad. Roy. elgique, ull. Cl. Sei., 42, 664{; CHAMERLA1N, E. E., 1933: loomend rot of tomatoe. New Zealand J. Agricult. 46, FoTER, A. c., 1939: Effect of environment on metabolim of tomato plant a related to development of bloomend rot of the fruit. (Abtr.: 29. Annual meeting Amer. Phytopathol. Soc. Richmond, Va., 1938). Phytopathol., 29, GERALDSON, C. M., 1957 a: Factor affecting calcium nutrition of celery, tomato and pepper. Soil Sei. Soc. Proc. 21, 621{;25. 6., 1957 b: Control of bloomend rot of tomatoe. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sei. Proc. 69, JACKSON, M. L., 1958: Soil chemical analyi. Contable and Co., Ltd., London. 8. LYON. C.., EEoN, K. C. and ARRENTINE, M., 1942: Macroelement nutritlon of the tomato plant a correlated with fruitfulne and occurence of bloomend rot. ot. Gaz. 103, 651{; P1PER, C. S., 1944: Soil and plant analyi. Acad. Pre, New York. 10. RALEIGH, G. J., 1939: Fruit abnormalitie of tomatoe grown in variou culture olution. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sei. Proc. 37, RALEIGH, S. M. and CHuCKA, J. A., 1944: Effect of nutrient ratio and concentration on growth and compoition of tomato plant and on the occurrence of bloomend rot of the fruit. Plant Phyiol. 19, 671{; SPURR, _A. R., 1959: Anatomical apect of bloomend rot in the tomato with pecial reference to calcium nutrition. Hilgardia 28, STOUT, G: J., 1934: Influence of watering treatment on the occurrence of bloomend rot in 'green houe tomatoe. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sei. Proc. 32, U.S. Salinity Laboratory Staff, 1954: Diagnoi and Improvement of aline and Alkali oil. Agriculture Hand ook 60, USDA. 15. YouNG, P. A., 1942: Varietal reitance to bloomend rot in tomatoe. Phytopathol. 32, Eingegangen am G. SATYANARAYANA Dept. of Horticulture, College of Agriculture A. P. Agricult. Univerity Rajendranagar, Hyderabad30 India