CHAPTER FIVE: COMMERCIAL APPLICATIONS TABLE 12 COMMERCIAL AMINO ACIDS BY USE... 35

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1 CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION... 1 STUDY GOALS AND OBJECTIVES... 1 REASONS FOR DOING THIS STUDY... 1 INTENDED AUDIENCE... 1 SCOPE OF REPORT... 2 METHODOLOGY AND INFORMATION SOURCES... 2 ANALYST CREDENTIALS... 3 RELATED BCC REPORTS... 3 BCC ON-LINE SERVICES... 3 DISCLAIMER... 3 DISCLAIMER (CONTINUED)... 4 CHAPTER TWO: SUMMARY... 5 SUMMARY... 5 SUMMARY (CONTINUED)... 6 SUMMARY TABLE U.S. AMINO ACIDS MARKET SIZE, THROUGH 2016 ($ MILLIONS)... 7 SUMMARY FIGURE U.S. AMINO ACIDS MARKET SIZE, ($ MILLIONS)... 7 CHAPTER THREE: OVERVIEW OF AMINO ACIDS... 8 TABLE 1 THE PROTEIN AMINO ACIDS... 8 COMMERCIAL INTERESTS... 9 TABLE 2 MAJOR COMMERCIAL APPLICATIONS... 9 FEED FORTIFICATION... 9 FOOD FLAVORING AGENTS SPECIALTY USES DIETARY NEEDS TABLE 3 THE ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS BIOLOGIC VALUE OF AMINO ACID MIXTURES TABLE 4 PROTEIN VALUES OF SELECTED FOODS RECOMMENDED DAILY ALLOWANCE AMINO ACID METABOLISM PROPERTIES CHEMICAL STRUCTURE TABLE 5 CHEMICAL STRUCTURES OF AMINO ACIDS ISOLATION/ANALYSIS MICROBIOLOGICAL ASSAY CHROMATOGRAPHIC SEPARATION PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY TABLE 6 AMINO ACIDS BY PRODUCTION METHODS TABLE 6 (CONTINUED) EXTRACTION FERMENTATION... 17

2 MICROBIOLOGICAL PROCESSES TABLE 7 AMINO ACID PRODUCTION BY FERMENTATION CHEMICAL D SYNTHESIS ENZYMATIC CONVERSION REGULATION FEDERAL DRUG ADMINISTRATION (FDA) U.S. Pharmacopoeia (USP) TABLE 8 USP VERIFIED AMINO ACID PRODUCTS The Bush Administration CHAPTER FOUR: STRUCTURE OF THE INDUSTRY AND ITS COMPETITIVE ASPECTS TABLE 9 MAJOR AMINO ACID PRODUCERS, TABLE 9 (CONTINUED) FIGURE 1 SHARE OF GLOBAL AMINO ACIDS MARKET, 2011 (%) FIGURE 1 (CONTINUED) IMPORTANT STRATEGIES MARKET SHARE TABLE 10 LEADING PRODUCERS OF AMINO ACID BY TYPE FIGURE 2 MARKET SHARE OF MAJOR PLAYERS, 2011 (%) LEADING COMPANIES ADISSEO U.S.A AJINOMOTO AMINOSCIENCE, LLC AJINOMOTO CO TABLE 11 NUMBER OF AJINOMOTO AFFLIATES PER CONTINENT AJINOMOTO FOOD INGREDIENTS, LLC AJINOMTO HEARTLAND, LLC ARCHER DANIELS MIDLAND CO. (ADM) CJ CORPORATION DAESANG CORPORATION EVONIK ICHIMARU PHARCOS CO., LTD KYOWA HAKKO KOGYO MITSUBISHI TANABE PHARMA MONSANTO NIPPON SODA NOVUS INTERNATIONAL, INC SANOFI-AVENTIS SHOWA DENKO K.K TANABE USA INC ZHEJIANG CHEMICALS MARKET FORCES CHAPTER FIVE: COMMERCIAL APPLICATIONS TABLE 12 COMMERCIAL AMINO ACIDS BY USE... 35

3 TABLE 13 U.S. MARKET SIZE FOR AMINO ACIDS, THROUGH 2016 ($ MILLIONS) ANIMAL FEED SUPPLEMENTS PHASE FEEDING ANIMAL FEED REGULATION International TYPICAL ANIMAL FEED PRODUCT Complete Protein Sources New Amino Acid-Based Feed Products AMINO ACID RESEARCH AND ANIMAL NUTRITION FIGURE 3 ANIMAL FEED SUPPLEMENTS MARKET SHARE, 2011 (%) FIGURE 3 (CONTINUED) CHAPTER SIX: METHIONINE METHIONINE METHIONINE APPLICATIONS AND CONSUMPTION PATTERNS FIGURE 4 METHIONINE CONSUMPTION MARKET SHARES, 2011 (%) METHIONINE CAPACITY AND MANUFACTURERS FIGURE 5 WORLDWIDE METHIONINE MARKET SHARES BY REGION, 2011 (%) TABLE 14 MAJOR METHIONINE PRODUCTION CAPACITY WORLDWIDE BY COMPANY, 2011 (KILO TONS) TABLE 15 METHIONINE MANUFACTURERS TABLE 16 U.S. METHIONINE MARKET SIZE, THROUGH 2016 ($ MILLIONS) TABLE 17 U.S. METHIONINE MANUFACTURING CAPACITIES ANNUAL CAPACITY, 2011 (MILLION LB.) METHIONINE PRODUCT TYPES AND COMPARATIVE NUTRITIONAL VALUES TABLE 18 PRODUCTION AND TRADE IN METHIONINE DOMESTIC CONSUMPTION: DL METHIONINE, THROUGH 2016 (MILLION LB.) TABLE 19 U.S. CONSUMPTION OF METHIONINE, THROUGH 2016 (MILLION LB., 99% DL METHIONINE BASIS) PRICE OF METHIONINE TABLE 20 AVERAGE PRICE OF METHIONINE, THROUGH 2016 ($/LB) METHIONINE PATENTS METHIONINE PATENTS (CONTINUED) METHIONINE PATENTS (CONTINUED) PATENTS BY CATEGORY TABLE 21 PRODUCT PATENTS BY PROCESS, TABLE 22 U.S. PATENTS ASSIGNEES RELATED TO METHIONINE PRODUCTS,

4 TABLE 23 U.S. PATENTS RELATED TO METHIONINE PRODUCTS BY YEAR, (NUMBER/%) CHAPTER SEVEN: LYSINE LYSINE LYSINE CAPACITY AND MANUFACTURERS TABLE 24 LYSINE PRODUCTION CAPACITY, 2011 (KILO TONS) CHINA AND FEED FIGURE 6 MARKET SHARE FOR LEADING LYSINE PRODUCERS, 2011 (%) VALUE OF U.S. LYSINE MARKET TABLE 25 U.S. LYSINE MARKET SIZE, THROUGH 2016 ($ MILLIONS) TABLE 26 ANNUAL U.S. LYSINE MANUFACTURING CAPACITIES, 2011 (KILO TONS) TABLE 27 PRICE OF LYSINE, THROUGH 2016 (98.5% L-LYSINE MONOHYDROCHLORIDE) TABLE 28 PRODUCTION AND TRADE IN LYSINE, THROUGH 2016 (MILLION LB., 98.5% L-LYSINE MONOHYDROCHLORIDE) TABLE 29 U.S. CONSUMPTION OF LYSINE, THROUGH 2016 (MILLION LB., 98.5% L-LYSINE MONOHYDROCHLORIDE) LYSINE PATENTS LYSINE PATENTS (CONTINUED) LYSINE PATENTS (CONTINUED) LYSINE PATENTS (CONTINUED) PATENTS BY CATEGORY TABLE 30 PRODUCT PATENTS BY PROCESS, TABLE 31 U.S. PATENTS ASSIGNEES RELATED TO LYSINE PRODUCTS, TABLE 32 U.S. PATENTS RELATED TO LYSINE PRODUCTS BY YEAR, (NUMBER/%) CHAPTER EIGHT: THREONINE THREONINE THREONINE APPLICATIONS AND CONSUMPTION PATTERNS TABLE 33 THREONINE PRODUCTION CAPACITY, 2011 (KTONS) FIGURE 7 MARKET SHARE FOR LEADING THREONINE PRODUCERS, 2011 (%) FIGURE 7 (CONTINUED) THREONINE CAPACITY AND MANUFACTURERS TABLE 34 THREONINE PRODUCERS TABLE 35 U.S. THREONINE MARKET SIZE, THROUGH 2016 ($ MILLIONS) THREONINE PRICING TABLE 36 PRICE OF THREONINE, THROUGH

5 VALUE OF THE U.S. THREONINE MARKET THREONINE PATENTS THREONINE PATENTS (CONTINUED) PATENTS BY CATEGORY TABLE 37 PRODUCT PATENTS BY PROCESS, TABLE 38 U.S. PATENTS ASSIGNEES RELATED TO THREONINE PRODUCTS, TABLE 39 U.S. PATENTS RELATED TO THREONINE PRODUCTS BY YEAR, (NUMBER/%) CHAPTER NINE: TRYPTOPHAN TRYPTOPHAN TRYPTOPHAN APPLICATIONS AND CONSUMPTION PATTERNS TABLE 40 TRYPTOPHAN PRODUCERS TRYPTOPHAN REGULATIONS TRYPTOPHAN HEALTH APPLICATIONS TRYPTOPHAN FAT FIGHTER TRYPTOPHAN CAPACITY PRICING TABLE 41 TRYPTOPHAN PRICES, THROUGH 2016 ($/KG) VALUE OF U.S. TRYPTOPHAN MARKET TABLE 42 U.S. VALUE OF TRYPTOPHAN IN ANIMAL FEED, THROUGH 2016 ($ MILLIONS) TRYPTOPHAN PATENTS TRYPTOPHAN PATENTS (CONTINUED) PATENTS BY CATEGORY TABLE 43 PRODUCT PATENTS BY PROCESS, (NUMBER/%) TABLE 44 U.S. PATENTS ASSIGNEES RELATED TO L-TRYPTOPHAN PRODUCTS, TABLE 45 U.S. PATENTS RELATED TO L-TRYPTOPHAN PRODUCTS BY YEAR, CHAPTER TEN: SUMMARY OF U.S. MARKET SIZE FOR ANIMAL FEED AMINO ACIDS TABLE 46 SUMMARY OF ANIMAL FEED AMINO ACIDS U.S. MARKET, THROUGH 2016 ($ MILLIONS) FIGURE 8 SUMMARY OF ANIMAL FEED AMINO ACIDS U.S. MARKET, ($ MILLIONS) CONSUMPTION OF METHIONINE, LYSINE, THREONINE AND TRYPTOPHAN IN FEEDSTUFFS POULTRY FEEDS TABLE 47 POULTRY FEED COMPOSITIONS TABLE 48 AMINO ACID FEED COMPOSITIONS (LB/TON) SWINE FEEDS... 90

6 TECHNICAL FACTORS PHYTASE HIGH CORN OIL (HOC) HYDROLYSATES ANIMAL BY-PRODUCTS DAIRY AND BEEF CATTLE, SHEEP, AQUACULTURE, AND PET FOOD DAIRY AND BEEF CATTLE FEEDS SHEEP FEEDS AQUACULTURE PET FOODS TABLE 49 PET FOODS WITH ADDED AMINO ACIDS CHAPTER ELEVEN: FOOD FLAVORING AGENTS FIGURE 9 AMINO ACID FLAVORANTS WORLDWIDE MARKET SHARE, 2011 (%) FIGURE 9 (CONTINUED) VALUE OF U.S. MARKET FOR FOOD FLAVORINGS TABLE 50 SUMMARY OF AMINO ACID FLAVORING AGENTS, THROUGH 2016 ($ MILLIONS) FIGURE 10 SUMMARY OF AMINO ACID FLAVORING AGENTS, 2008 AND 2016 ($ MILLIONS) PHENYLALANINE PHENYLALANINE APPLICATIONS AND CONSUMPTION PATTERNS Aspartame Artificial Sweeteners Competitive Aspects of the Sweeteners Market Aspartame-Sweetened Products TABLE 51 SUGAR SUBSTITUTE PRICES, 2011 ($/100 COUNT BOX) Diet Beverage Aspartame Use Diet Candy Market Aspartame and Coffee Problems with Aspartame PHENYLALANINE PHARMACEUTICAL USES EUROPEAN ASPARTAME PHENYLALANINE CAPACITY AND MANUFACTURERS TABLE 52 PHENYLALANINE PRODUCERS PHENYLALANINE PRICING TABLE 53 PHENYLALANINE PRICES, ($/LB) FIGURE 11 PHENYLALANINE PRICES, ($/LB) VALUE OF U.S. PHENYLALANINE MARKET TABLE 54 U.S. PHENYLALANINE MARKET SIZE, THROUGH 2013 ($ MILLIONS) PHENYLALANINE PATENTS Phenylalanine Patents (Continued)

7 Phenylalanine Patents (Continued) Patents by Category TABLE 55 PRODUCT PATENTS BY PROCESS, (NUMBER/%) TABLE 56 U.S. PATENTS ASSIGNEES RELATED TO PHENYLALANINE PRODUCTS, TABLE 57 U.S. PATENTS RELATED TO PHENYLALANINE PRODUCTS BY YEAR, (NUMBER/%) CHAPTER TWELVE: GLUTAMIC ACID GLUTAMIC ACID PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY GLUTAMIC ACID APPLICATIONS AND CONSUMPTION PATTERNS MSG REGULATION CHINESE RESTAURANT SYNDROME FASEB Report on MSG FDA Proposals for MSG Dangers of MSG Truth in Labeling Campaign (TLC) GLUTAMIC ACID CAPACITY AND MANUFACTURERS TABLE 58 GLUTAMIC ACID MANUFACTURERS PRICING VALUE OF U.S. GLUTAMIC ACID MARKET TABLE 59 U.S. GLUTAMIC ACID MARKET SIZE, THROUGH 2016 ($ MILLIONS) GLUTAMIC ACID PATENTS GLUTAMIC ACID PATENTS (CONTINUED) GLUTAMIC ACID PATENTS (CONTINUED) GLUTAMIC ACID PATENTS (CONTINUED) PATENTS BY CATEGORY TABLE 60 PRODUCT PATENTS BY PROCESS, (NUMBER/%) TABLE 60 (CONTINUED) TABLE 61 U.S. PATENTS ASSIGNEES RELATED TO GLUTAMIC ACID PRODUCTS, TABLE 61 (CONTINUED) TABLE 62 U.S. PATENTS RELATED TO GLUTAMIC ACID PRODUCTS BY YEAR, (NUMBER/%) CHAPTER THIRTEEN: CYSTEINE/CYSTINE CYSTEINE/CYSTINE PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY CYSTEINE/CYSTINE CAPACITY AND MANUFACTURERS TABLE 63 CYSTEINE PRODUCERS CYSTEINE PRICING VALUE OF U.S. CYSTEINE/CYSTINE MARKET

8 TABLE 64 U.S. CYSTEINE/CYSTINE MARKET SIZE, THROUGH 2016 (TONS/YEAR) CYSTEINE/CYSTINE APPLICATIONS AND CONSUMPTION PATTERNS CYSTEINE AND NUTRACEUTICALS CYSTEINE/CYSTINE PATENTS CYSTEINE AND HIV Cysteine and HIV (Continued) CYSTEINE AND COSMETICS Cysteine and Cosmetics (Continued) CYSTEINE PATENTS PATENTS BY CATEGORY TABLE 65 PRODUCT PATENTS BY PROCESS, (NUMBER/%) TABLE 65 (CONTINUED) TABLE 66 U.S. PATENTS ASSIGNEES RELATED TO CYSTEINE PRODUCTS, TABLE 66 (CONTINUED) TABLE 67 U.S. PATENTS RELATED TO CYSTEINE PRODUCTS BY YEAR, (NUMBER/%) CHAPTER FOURTEEN: ASPARTIC ACID ASPARTIC ACID PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY ASPARTIC ACID CAPACITY AND MANUFACTURERS TABLE 68 ASPARTIC ACID MANUFACTURERS ASPARTIC ACID PRICING TABLE 69 U.S. ASPARTIC ACID MARKET SIZE, THROUGH 2016 ($ MILLIONS) TABLE 70 ASPARTIC ACID PRICES, THROUGH 2016 ($/LB) ASPARTIC ACID APPLICATIONS AND CONSUMPTION PATTERNS ASPARTIC ACID COPOLYMERS ASPARTIC ACID PATENTS PATENTS BY CATEGORY TABLE 71 PRODUCT PATENTS BY PROCESS, (NUMBER/%) TABLE 72 U.S. PATENTS ASSIGNEES RELATED TO ASPARTIC ACID PRODUCTS, TABLE 73 U.S. PATENTS RELATED TO ASPARTIC ACID PRODUCTS BY YEAR, (NUMBER/%) CHAPTER FIFTEEN: SPECIALTY USES PHARMACEUTICAL PRODUCTS RESEARCH PURPOSES CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES

9 TABLE 74 AMINO ACIDS FOR SPECIALTY USES CHAPTER SIXTEEN: GLYCINE GLYCINE PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY GLYCINE PATENTS RECENT PATENTS Recent Patents (Continued) GLYCINE PHARMACEUTICAL USES GLYCINE FOOD APPLICATIONS GLYCINE NON-FOOD APPLICATIONS GLYCINE CAPACITY AND MANUFACTURERS TABLE 75 GLYCINE MANUFACTURERS GLYCINE PRICING VALUE OF U.S. GLYCINE MARKET TABLE 76 U.S. GLYCINE MARKET PRICE, THROUGH 2016 ($/LB) FIGURE 12 U.S. GLYCINE MARKET PRICE, ($/LB) TABLE 77 U.S. GLYCINE IMPORTS, (MILLION LB.) CHAPTER SEVENTEEN: ALANINE ALANINE PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY ALANINE APPLICATIONS AND CONSUMPTION PATTERNS ALANINE PATENTS ALANINE PATENTS (CONTINUED) PATENTS BY CATEGORY TABLE 78 PRODUCT PATENTS BY PROCESS, (NUMBER/%) TABLE 78 (CONTINUED) TABLE 79 U.S. PATENTS ASSIGNEES RELATED TO ALANINE PRODUCTS, TABLE 80 U.S. PATENTS RELATED TO ALANINE PRODUCTS BY YEAR, (NUMBER/%) ALANINE CAPACITY AND MANUFACTURERS TABLE 81 ALANINE MANUFACTURERS ALANINE PRICING VALUE OF U.S. ALANINE MARKET TABLE 82 U.S. ALANINE MARKET SIZE, THROUGH 2016 ($ MILLIONS) FIGURE 13 U.S. ALANINE MARKET SIZE, 2011 AND 2016 ($ MILLIONS) CHAPTER EIGHTEEN: ARGININE ARGININE PATENTS RECENT ARGININE PATENTS MEDICAL APPLICATIONS Cancer Fighters

10 OTHER ARGININE PATENTS PATENTS BY CATEGORY TABLE 83 PRODUCT PATENTS BY PROCESS, (NUMBER/%) TABLE 83 (CONTINUED) TABLE 84 U.S. PATENTS ASSIGNEES RELATED TO ARGININE PRODUCTS, TABLE 85 U.S. PATENTS RELATED TO ARGININE PRODUCTS BY YEAR, (NUMBER/%) ARGININE CAPACITY AND MANUFACTURERS TABLE 86 ARGININE MANUFACTURERS ARGININE PRICING VALUE OF U.S. ARGININE MARKET TABLE 87 U.S. ARGININE MARKET SIZE, THROUGH 2016 ($ MILLIONS) FIGURE 14 U.S. ARGININE MARKET SIZE, 2011 AND 2016 ($ MILLIONS) CHAPTER NINETEEN: PROLINE PROLINE TECHNOLOGY PROLINE CAPACITY AND MANUFACTURERS TABLE 88 PROLINE MANUFACTURERS PROLINE PRICING VALUE OF U.S. PROLINE MARKET TABLE 89 U.S. PROLINE MARKET SIZE, THROUGH 2016 ($ MILLIONS) FIGURE 15 U.S. PROLINE MARKET SIZE, 2011 AND 2016 ($ MILLIONS) PROLINE PATENTS PROLINE PATENTS (CONTINUED) PATENTS BY CATEGORY TABLE 90 PRODUCT PATENTS BY PROCESS, (NUMBER/%) TABLE 91 U.S. PATENTS ASSIGNEES RELATED TO PROLINE PRODUCTS, TABLE 92 U.S. PATENTS RELATED TO PROLINE PRODUCTS BY YEAR, (NUMBER/%) CHAPTER TWENTY: LEUCINE LEUCINE PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY LEUCINE APPLICATIONS AND CONSUMPTION PATTERNS LEUCINE CAPACITY AND MANUFACTURERS TABLE 93 LEUCINE MANUFACTURERS LEUCINE PRICING TABLE 94 U.S. LEUCINE PRICES (1 KG)

11 VALUE OF U.S. LEUCINE MARKET TABLE 95 U.S. LEUCINE MARKET SIZE, THROUGH 2016 ($ MILLIONS) FIGURE 16 U.S. LEUCINE MARKET SIZE, 2011 AND 2016 ($ MILLIONS) LEUCINE PATENTS LEUCINE PATENTS (CONTINUED) PATENTS BY CATEGORY TABLE 96 PRODUCT PATENTS BY PROCESS, (NUMBER/%) TABLE 97 U.S. PATENTS ASSIGNEES RELATED TO LEUCINE PRODUCTS, TABLE 98 U.S. PATENTS RELATED TO LEUCINE PRODUCTS BY YEAR, (NUMBER/%) CHAPTER TWENTY-ONE: VALINE VALINE PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY VALINE APPLICATIONS AND CONSUMPTION PATTERNS VALINE CAPACITY AND MANUFACTURERS TABLE 99 VALINE PRODUCERS VALINE PRICING VALUE OF U.S. VALINE MARKET TABLE 100 U.S. VALINE MARKET SIZE, THROUGH 2016 ($ MILLIONS) FIGURE 17 U.S. VALINE MARKET SIZE, 2011 AND 2016 ($ MILLIONS) VALINE PATENTS PATENTS BY CATEGORY TABLE 101 PRODUCT PATENTS BY PROCESS, (NUMBER/%) TABLE 102 U.S. PATENTS ASSIGNEES RELATED TO VALINE PRODUCTS, TABLE 103 U.S. PATENTS RELATED TO VALINE PRODUCTS BY YEAR, (NUMBER/%) CHAPTER TWENTY-TWO: TYROSINE TYROSINE PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY TYROSINE APPLICATIONS AND CONSUMPTION PATTERNS TYROSINE CAPACITY AND MANUFACTURERS TABLE 104 TYROSINE MANUFACTURERS TYROSINE PRICING VALUE OF U.S. TYROSINE MARKET TABLE 105 U.S. TYROSINE MARKET SIZE, THROUGH 2016 ($ MILLIONS)

12 FIGURE 18 U.S. TYROSINE MARKET SIZE, 2011 AND 2016 ($ MILLIONS) TYROSINE PATENTS TYROSINE PATENTS (CONTINUED) TYROSINE PATENTS (CONTINUED) PATENTS BY CATEGORY TABLE 106 PRODUCT PATENTS BY PROCESS, (NUMBER/%) TABLE 107 U.S. PATENTS ASSIGNEES RELATED TO TYROSINE PRODUCTS, TABLE 108 U.S. PATENTS RELATED TO TYROSINE PRODUCTS BY YEAR, (NUMBER/%) CHAPTER TWENTY-THREE: ISOLEUCINE ISOLEUCINE PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY ISOLEUCINE APPLICATIONS AND CONSUMPTION PATTERNS ISOLEUCINE CAPACITY AND MANUFACTURERS TABLE 109 ISOLEUCINE MANUFACTURERS ISOLEUCINE PRICING VALUE OF U.S. ISOLEUCINE MARKET TABLE 110 U.S. ISOLEUCINE MARKET SIZE, THROUGH 2016 ($ MILLIONS) FIGURE 19 U.S. ISOLEUCINE MARKET SIZE, 2011 AND 2016 ($ MILLIONS) ISOLEUCINE PATENTS PATENTS BY CATEGORY TABLE 111 PRODUCT PATENTS BY PROCESS, (NUMBER/%) TABLE 112 U.S. PATENTS ASSIGNEES RELATED TO ISOLEUCINE PRODUCTS, TABLE 113 U.S. PATENTS RELATED TO ISOLEUCINE PRODUCTS BY YEAR, (NUMBER/%) CHAPTER TWENTY-FOUR: SERINE SERINE PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY SERINE APPLICATIONS AND CONSUMPTION PATTERNS SERINE CAPACITY AND MANUFACTURERS TABLE 114 SERINE MANUFACTURERS SERINE PRICING VALUE OF U.S. SERINE MARKET TABLE 115 U.S. SERINE MARKET SIZE, THROUGH 2016 ($ MILLIONS) FIGURE 20 U.S. SERINE MARKET SIZE, 2011 AND 2016 ($ MILLIONS) SERINE PATENTS

13 PATENTS BY CATEGORY TABLE 116 PRODUCT PATENTS BY PROCESS, (NUMBER/%) TABLE 117 U.S. PATENTS ASSIGNEES RELATED TO SERINE PRODUCTS, TABLE 117 (CONTINUED) TABLE 118 U.S. PATENTS RELATED TO SERINE PRODUCTS BY YEAR, (NUMBER/%) CHAPTER TWENTY-FIVE: ASPARAGINE ASPARAGINE PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY ASPARAGINE APPLICATIONS AND CONSUMPTION PATTERNS ASPARAGINE CAPACITY AND MANUFACTURERS TABLE 119 ASPARAGINE MANUFACTURERS ASPARAGINE PRICING VALUE OF U.S. ASPARAGINE MARKET TABLE 120 U.S. ASPARAGINE MARKET SIZE, THROUGH 2016 ($ MILLIONS) FIGURE 21 U.S. ASPARAGINE MARKET SIZE, 2011 AND 2016 ($ MILLIONS) ASPARAGINE PATENTS ASPARAGINE PATENTS (CONTINUED) PATENTS BY CATEGORY TABLE 121 PRODUCT PATENTS BY PROCESS, (NUMBER/%) TABLE 122 U.S. PATENTS ASSIGNEES RELATED TO ASPARAGINE PRODUCTS, TABLE 123 U.S. PATENTS RELATED TO ASPARAGINE PRODUCTS BY YEAR, (NUMBER/%) CHAPTER TWENTY-SIX: GLUTAMINE GLUTAMINE PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY GLUTAMINE APPLICATIONS AND CONSUMPTION PATTERNS GLUTAMINE CAPACITY AND MANUFACTURERS TABLE 124 GLUTAMINE MANUFACTURERS GLUTAMINE PRICING & CONSUMPTION VALUE OF U.S. GLUTAMINE MARKET TABLE 125 U.S. GLUTAMINE MARKET SIZE, THROUGH 2016 ($ MILLIONS) FIGURE 22 U.S. GLUTAMINE MARKET SIZE, 2011 AND 2016 ($ MILLIONS) GLUTAMINE PATENTS PATENTS BY CATEGORY TABLE 126 PRODUCT PATENTS BY PROCESS, (NUMBER/%)

14 TABLE 127 U.S. PATENTS ASSIGNEES RELATED TO GLUTAMINE PRODUCTS, TABLE 128 U.S. PATENTS RELATED TO GLUTAMINE PRODUCTS BY YEAR, (NUMBER/%) CHAPTER TWENTY-SEVEN: HISTIDINE HISTIDINE PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY HISTIDINE APPLICATIONS HISTIDINE CAPACITY AND MANUFACTURERS TABLE 129 HISTIDINE MANUFACTURERS HISTIDINE PRICING VALUE OF U.S. HISTIDINE MARKET TABLE 130 U.S. HISTIDINE MARKET SIZE, THROUGH 2016 ($ MILLIONS) FIGURE 23 U.S. HISTIDINE MARKET SIZE, 2011 AND 2016 ($ MILLIONS) HISTIDINE PATENTS HISTIDINE PATENTS (CONTINUED) PATENTS BY CATEGORY TABLE 131 PRODUCT PATENTS BY PROCESS, (NUMBER/%) TABLE 132 U.S. PATENTS ASSIGNEES RELATED TO HISTIDINE PRODUCTS, TABLE 133 U.S. PATENTS RELATED TO HISTIDINE PRODUCTS BY YEAR, (NUMBER/%) CHAPTER TWENTY-EIGHT: SPECIALTY AMINO ACIDS TABLE 134 SUMMARY OF SPECIALTY AMINO ACIDS, THROUGH 2016 ($ MILLIONS) FIGURE 24 PERCENTAGE SHARE OF SPECIALTY AMINO ACIDS, 2011 (%) OTHER SPECIALTY USES OF AMINO ACIDS COSMETICS AND AMINO ACIDS PHOTOGRAPHY AND AMINO ACIDS DETERGENT AND AMINO ACIDS Detergent and Amino Acids (Continued) AMINO ACID HEALTH APPLICATIONS Amino Acid Health Applications (Continued) APPENDIX I: ANCILLARY COMPANIES TABLE 135 CELL CULTURE REAGENTS/AMINO ACIDS SUPPLIERS TABLE 136 AMINO ACID STANDARDS SUPPLIERS PROVIDING PROTEIN CHEMISTRY REAGENTS AND AMINO ACID ANALYSIS TABLE 137 AMINO ACID ANALYZERS SUPPLIERS PROVIDING INSTRUMENTATION AND LAB EQUIPMENT

15 TABLE 138 AMINO ACID ANALYSIS SUPPLIERS PROVIDING CUSTOM SERVICES FOR BIOCHEMISTRY AND PROTEIN CHEMISTRY-RELATED SERVICES TABLE 139 AMINO ACID POLYMER SYNTHESIS SUPPLIERS PROVIDING CUSTOM SERVICES AND BIOCHEMISTRY/PROTEIN CHEMISTRY-RELATED SERVICES TABLE 140 AMINO ACIDS SUPPLIERS OF RADIOCHEMICALS AND LABELED COMPOUNDS