University Of Jordan Faculty of Pharmacy

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1 PharmD PharmD PharmD PharmD PharmD PharmD PharmD PharmD PharmD PharmD PharmD PharmD PharmD PharmD University of Jordan Faculty of Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Microbiology (1) Dr. Randa Haddadin PharmD- 2 nd Semester 2013 University Of Jordan Faculty of Pharmacy Sheet: 11 Subject: Ch11 PharmD : Doctor: Randa Haddadin

2 P arasite is an organism that lives at the expense of another organism called the host. Parasites vary in the degree of damage they inflict on their hosts. Although some cause little harm, others cause moderate to severe damage. Parasites that cause disease are called pathogens. Parasitology is the study of. Many of these are microscopic throughout their life cycle or at some stage of it. Historically, in the development of the science of biology, parasitology came to refer to the study of protozoa, helminths, and arthropods that live at the expense of other organisms. We will use the term parasite to refer to these organisms. The significance of parasitism : 1.there are more parasitic infections than there are living humans. 2.Parasites play an important, though negative, role in the worldwide economy. For example, less than half the world s cultivable land is under cultivation, primarily because endemic to (always present in) those lands prevent humans and domesticated animals from inhabiting some of them. 3.parasitic infections in wild and domestic animals provide sources of human infection and cause debilitation and death among the animals, thus preventing the raising of cattle and other animals for food. Parasites in relation to their hosts : Ecto live on the surface of other organisms such as ticks and lice Endo Obligate Facultative live within the bodies of other organisms (most )They must spend at least some of their life cycle in or on a host. ( few ) They normally are free-living. such as some protozoa and worms the protozoan that causes malaria invades red blood cells soil fungi Parasites are also categorized according to the duration of their association with their hosts: Permanent Temporary Accidental remain in or on a host once they have invaded it. feed on or in and then leave their hosts. invade an organism other than their normal host. The problem of : such as tapeworms. such asmany biting insects. Ticks that ordinarily attach to dogs or to wild animals sometimes attach to humans. Hosts that are invaded by usually lack effective defenses against them, so such diseases can be serious and sometimes fatal. pg. 1

3 Hyper-parasitism refers to a parasite itself having. Some mosquitoes, which are temporary, harbor the malaria parasite or other. Such insects serve as vectors, or agents of transmission, of many human parasitic diseases. A vector is an organism that transfers a parasite to a new host. There are two types of vectors : 1.biological vector, in which the parasite goes through part of its life cycle, the malaria mosquito is both a host and a biological vector. 2.Mechanical vector, is a vector in which the parasite does not got through any part of its life cycle during transit, Flies that carry parasite eggs, bacteria, or viruses from feces to human food. Life cycle of malaria : Inside the mosquito we have the plasmodium which will transfer to human by bite and then the journey of malaria will start in human body : Blood liver enter the circulation change the shape of the red blood cell lead to an explosion of the cells will cause disorder in human temperature, and expose of plasmodium will occur. Asexual production will occur inside the human which will produce 2 gametocytes ( male and female ), when mosquito ingest the parasite during blood feeding the gametocytes will transfer to it and then sexual production will occur inside mosquito, this will lead to dieses transfer ( when bite another human ). Classification of host : 1.Definitive hosts, if they harbor a parasite while it reproduces sexually. 2.Intermediate hosts, if they harbor the parasite during some other developmental stages. The mosquito is the definitive host for the malaria parasite because that parasite reproduces sexually in the mosquito; the human is an intermediate host, even though humans suffer greater damagefrom the parasite. 3.Reservoir hosts are infected organisms that make available for transmission to other hosts. Reservoir hosts for human parasitic diseases typically are wild or domestic animals. Host specificity refers to the range of different hosts in which a parasite can mature. Some are quite host specific they mature in only one host. Many have one or more of the following mechanisms for evading (escape) host defense mechanisms: pg. 2 1.Encystment, the formation of an outer covering which help in : protects against unfavorable environmental conditions.

4 provide a site for internal reorganization of the organism and cell division. help attach a parasite to a host, or serve to transmit a parasite from one host to another. 2.Changing the parasite s surface antigens. 3.Causing the host s immune system to make antibodies that cannot react with the parasite s antigens. 4.Invading host cells, where the are out of reach of host defense mechanisms. This will cause some damage such as : Some take such a large share of nutrients or damage so much surface area of the host s intestines that the host receives too little nourishment. Many cause significant trauma to host tissues. They cause open sores on the skin, destroy cells in tissues and organs, clog and damage blood vessels. trigger severe inflammatory and immunological reactions. Protists : Characteristics of protists : members of the kingdom Protista, are a diverse assortment of organisms that share certain common characteristics. Protists are unicellular (though sometimes colonial), eukaryotic organisms with cells that have true nuclei and membrane-enclosed organelles. Classification of protists : 1.the plant like protists. 2.the animal like protists,(primary animal). 3.The fungus like protists. We will concern about animal like protist. The animal like protest (protozoa) : pg. 3 Are heterotrophic, mostly unicellular organisms. Most are free-living. Some are commensals, which live in or on other organisms without harming them, and a few are. We have four groups for protozoa to study : Mastigophora, Amebozoa, Apicomplexans, Ciliates 1.Mastigophora : They have flagella (mobile), Mastigophorans that parasitize humans include members of the genera Trypanosoma, Leishmania,Giardia, and Trichomona. Trypanosomes cause African sleeping sickness, leishmanias cause skin lesions or systemic disease with fever, giardias cause diarrhea, and trichomonads cause vaginal inflammation. 2.Amebozoa : move by means of pseudopodia(mobile).dientamoeba fragilis, which is unusual in that it has two nuclei and does not form cysts, is found in the large intestine. Although usually considered a commensal, it can cause chronic, mild diarrhea. 3.Apicomplexans : Enzymes present in groups (complexes) of organelles at the tips (apices)of their cells digest their way into host cells, giving the group the name Apicomplexans, so they are immobile. An important example is the life cycle of the malaria parasite, Plasmodium, which requires both a human and a mosquito host. Another apicomplexan, Toxoplasma gondii, causes lymphatic infections and blindness in adults and severe neurological damage to the fetuses of infected pregnant women. Contact with infected domestic cats and their feces, consumption of contaminated raw 1 meat, and failure to wash one s hands after handling such meat are means of transmitting the parasite. اللحم الني 1

5 4.Ciliates : Largest group of protozoas. have cilia over most of their surfaces (mobile).the most important one for us to study is the Balantidium coli, the only ciliate thatparasitizes humans, causes dysentery. fungi : characteristic of fungi : They are a diverse group of heterotrophs. The body of a fungus is called a thallus. The thallus of most multicellular fungi consists of a mycelium a loosely organized mass of threadlike structures called hyphae 2. mycelium is embedded in decaying organic matter, soil, or the tissue of a living organism. Mycelial cells release enzymes that digest the substratum (the surface on which the fungus grows) and absorb small nutrient molecules. The cell walls of a few fungi contain cellulose, but those of most fungi contain chitin (polysaccharide). All fungi have lysosomal enzymes that digest damaged cells and help parasitic fungi to invade تركيب يشبه الخيوط 2 pg. 4 hosts. Many fungi reproduce both sexually and asexually. Fungi are never obligate because all fungi can obtain nutrients from dead organisms. Even when fungi parasitize living organisms, they kill cells and obtain nutrients as saprophytes. Some fungi produce antibiotics that inhibit the growth of or kill bacteria. Fungi excrete metabolic wastes that are toxic to other organisms, especially soil microorganisms. In the soil, the production of such toxins, which are antibiotics, is called antibiosis, to kill other organisms that compete for nutrients. Parasitic fungi can be destructive when they invade other organisms. Many fungi reach their hosts by producing spores (exospores) that are carried by wind or water. Human fungal diseases are called mycoses. Classification of fungi : Fungi are classified according to the nature of the sexual stage in their life cycles. it is often difficult to match thesexual and asexual stages of some fungi. For instance, one researcher may work out an asexual phase and give the fungus a name; another researcher may work out a sexual phase and give the same fungus a different name. Because the relationship between the sexual and

6 asexual phases is not always apparent, a particular species of fungi may have two names until someone discovers that the two phases occur in the same organism. The ability of an organism to alter its structure when it changes habitats is called dimorphism. Hilmenths : Are also called warms. A helminth has a head and tail end. Helminths that parasitize humans include flatworms and roundworms. *Flatworms : (Platyhelminthes) not more than 1 mm thick, but some, such as large tapeworms, can be as long as 10 m. (small thickness and variety in length). include two classes of parasitic organisms the flukes (trematodes) and the tapeworms. They can attach to their hosts either by suckers or hooks. Schistosomiasis is a parasitic disease caused by several species of flukes, a parasitic worm of the genus Schistosoma. Snails serve as the intermediary agent between mammalian hosts,(snails play as a first host before human ). The flukes have the ability to penetrate the skin so enter the circulation of the body goes to the liver which will cause liver sinusoids. (we have two hosts snails and the human). the tapeworms that can infect humans are beef and pork 3 tapeworms that are species of Taenia. (also here two hosts cow or pork and human). Flukes are smaller than tapeworms. Round warms:(nematodes) *Roundworms have cylindrical bodies with tapered 4 ends and are covered with a thick, protective cuticle. They vary in length from less than 1 mm to more than 1 m. Account of modern America experiences with sushi and other forms of raw fish, which may harbor roundworms. The most giant roundwarm is ascais lumbricoides. *Insects : They act as vector 5 ( biological or mechanical ). Examples : African sleeping sickness, Trypanosomes,Tsetse fly Malaria,Plasmodium species, Mosquitoes. Study well pg. 5 الخنزير 3 مدبب 4 ناقالت 5

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