Malnutrition prevalences by country and year, from survey data and interpolated for reference years (1990, 1995, 2000)

Transcription

1 Recent trends in malnutrition in developing regions 109 Annex 1 Malnutrition prevalences by country and year, from survey data and interpolated for reference years (1990, 1995, ) The tables in this Annex are constructed to list the available country data for the seven malnutrition indicators (xerophthalmia and vitamin A deficiency, anemia among nonpregnant and pregnant women and children, goiter, and underweight children). This aims to facilitate inspection of likely trends by country, and comparisons across countries. It also shows the availability (or scarcity) of survey data. The estimated prevalences for 1990, 1995 (1994 for iodine), and derived from the models described in the Methods section are inserted here. This allows a view of the agreement or deviation of each estimate from recent or historical data for each country. These results were then further evaluated to give the best guess estimates (Annex 2), applying rules described in the Methods section. The tables are set up with similar principles, but there are some differences. Each table contains different amounts of data, with some differing levels of complexity. For example, the iodine tables are complicated in comparison with the xerophthalmia table, due to the amount of data exhibited and the detail included. Other differences include the characteristics of the observed data. For instance, the observed values in the anemia tables as well as in the vitamin A deficiency table consisted of national and subnational surveys, whereas the observed values in the underweight and xerophthalmia table consisted only of surveys considered to be nationally representative. This was done to look into filling in gaps where data were particularly scarce (discussed in the Methods), and the data used are recorded, but distinguished between national and subnational and those datapoints used and not used. The years covered in each matrix also vary somewhat, depending on availability and the utility of going farther back in time (e.g., to estimate endemic or pre-iodization goiter prevalences). The anemia tables cover , the vitamin A, xerophthalmia, and underweight tables cover , and the iodine tables cover The underweight table contains the most observed survey data, due primarily to the fact that Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) and UNICEF Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS) surveys have been including anthropometry for some time. The xerophthalmia and vitamin A deficiency tables, on the other hand, contained the fewest observed survey data points because of the difficulty in measuring vitamin A deficiency and the rarity of clinical symptoms. The anemia tables contain more survey data than the xerophthalmia and vitamin A deficiency tables, because anemia is more often measured and is more common than xerophthalmia. The iodine tables include not only the goiter rates but also salt-iodization programs, the year they were established, and even the level of coverage.

2 110 Mason, Rivers, Helwig TABLE A1.1. Prevalences of xerophthalmia (night-blindness + Bitot s spots, XN+X1B) in children 0 72 months old, Region Country O O Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Central African Republic Chad Congo Congo, Democratic Republic of the Côte d Ivoire Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Gambia, The Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Kenya Lesotho Liberia Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Mozambique O. 2001

3 Recent trends in malnutrition in developing regions Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda Senegal Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Afghanistan Bangladesh Bhutan Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka India Algeria Egypt Iran continued

4 112 Mason, Rivers, Helwig TABLE A1.1. Prevalences of xerophthalmia (night-blindness + Bitot s spots, XN+X1B) in children 0 72 months old, (continued) Region Country O O O Iraq Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Libya Morocco Saudi Arabia Syrian Arab Republic Tunisia United Arab Emirates Yemen Cambodia Indonesia Lao People s Democratic Republic Malaysia Mongolia Myanmar Papua New Guinea Philippines Thailand Vietnam

5 Recent trends in malnutrition in developing regions Belize Costa Rica Cuba Dominican Republic El Salvador Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Trinidad and Tobago Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Guyana Paraguay Peru Uruguay Venezuela continued

6 114 Mason, Rivers, Helwig TABLE A1.1. Prevalences of xerophthalmia (night-blindness + Bitot s spots, XN+X1B) in children 0 72 months old, (continued) Region Country O O O China Armenia Azerbaijan Georgia Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Slovakia Tajikistan Turkey Turkmenistan Uzbekistan Observed prevalences (in regular font), prevalence predicted from regression model (in italics); observed consist of national surveys only. Columns 1990 I, 1995 I, and I are the interpolated values by regression, as described in the Methods section. Columns 1990 O, 1995 O, and O are the observed survey values. Prevalences wherever possible refer to 0-72 months. Also included, unadjusted, may be other age bands within this range.

7 Recent trends in malnutrition in developing regions 115 TABLE A1.2. Prevalences of vitamin A deficiency (serum retinol < 0.7 µmol/l) in children 0 72 months, Region Country O O Angola Benin [70.2] Botswana Burkina Faso [70.5] Burundi Cameroon Central African Republic Chad Congo Congo, Democratic Republic of the Côte d Ivoire Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Gambia, The Ghana 53.9 [73.4] 50.0 [75.8] Guinea Guinea-Bissau Kenya [84.4] Lesotho Liberia Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius O continued

8 116 Mason, Rivers, Helwig TABLE A1.2. Prevalences of vitamin A deficiency (serum retinol < 0.7 µmol/l) in children 0 72 months, (continued) Region Country O O O Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda Senegal Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Afghanistan Bangladesh Bhutan Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka

9 Recent trends in malnutrition in developing regions India Algeria Egypt Iran Iraq Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Libya Morocco Saudi Arabia Syrian Arab Republic Tunisia United Arab Emirates Yemen Cambodia Indonesia Lao People s Democratic Republic Malaysia Mongolia Myanmar Papua New Guinea Philippines continued

10 118 Mason, Rivers, Helwig TABLE A1.2. Prevalences of vitamin A deficiency (serum retinol < 0.7 µmol/l) in children 0 72 months, (continued) Region Country O O O Thailand Vietnam Belize Costa Rica Cuba Dominican Republic El Salvador Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica [58.8] Mexico Nicaragua Panama Trinidad and Tobago Bolivia Brazil [54.7] Chile Colombia Ecuador Guyana Paraguay

11 Recent trends in malnutrition in developing regions Peru Uruguay Venezuela China Armenia Azerbaijan Georgia Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Slovakia Tajikstan Turkey Turkmenistan Uzbekistan Observed values consist of national (in bold) and subnational (not in bold, regular font) surveys. Prevalence predicted from regression model (in italics). Brackets indicate values not used in the regression model. Columns 1990 I, 1995 I, and I are the interpolated values by regression, as described in the Methods section. Columns 1990 O, 1995 O, and O are the observed survey values. Prevalences wherever possible refer to 0-72 months. Also included, unadjusted, may be other age bands within this range.

12 120 Mason, Rivers, Helwig TABLE A1.3. Prevalences of anemia in nonpregnant women aged years, 1974 Region Country O O O Angola Benin [64.6] 1 Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Central African Republic Chad Congo Congo, Democratic Republic of the Côte d Ivoire [42] Eritrea Ethiopia [8] Gabon Gambia, The Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Kenya Lesotho Liberia Madagascar Malawi Mali

13 Recent trends in malnutrition in developing regions Mauritania Mauritius Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda Senegal Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Afghanistan Bangladesh [38.9] 63.9 [34] 2 Bhutan Nepal Pakistan continued

14 122 Mason, Rivers, Helwig TABLE A1.3. Prevalences of anemia in nonpregnant women aged years, 1974 (continued) Region Country O O Sri Lanka India Algeria Bahrain Egypt Iran [14.5] Iraq Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Libya Morocco Saudi Arabia Syrian Arab Republic Tunisia United Arab Emirates Yemen O

15 Recent trends in malnutrition in developing regions Cambodia Indonesia Korea, Democratic People s Republic of Korea, Republic of Lao People s Democratic Republic [31.4] 5 Malaysia Mongolia Myanmar 59.1, Papua New Guinea Philippines , Samoa Thailand Vanuatu Vietnam Antigua and Barbuda Barbados [19] 6 Belize Costa Rica , Cuba Dominica continued

16 124 Mason, Rivers, Helwig TABLE A1.3. Prevalences of anemia in nonpregnant women aged years, 1974 (continued) Region Country O O O Dominican Republic El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Haiti Honduras [14.7] 6 Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua [24] 6 Panama Trinidad and Tobago Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Guyana Paraguay Peru [31.6] 7 Uruguay

17 Recent trends in malnutrition in developing regions Venezuela China 16, Armenia [12.4] 9 Azerbaijan Georgia Kazakhstan [35.6] Kyrgyzstan Slovakia Tajikistan Turkey Turkmenistan [47.5] 9 Uzbekistan Observed prevalence (regular font), predicted from prevalence in pregnant women (underlined), and predicted from regression model (in italics); brackets indicate values not used in the regression model. Shaded cells are the observed values that were used in the formulation of the regression model. Observed values consist of both national and subnational surveys. Columns 1990 I, 1995 I, and I are the interpolated values by regression, as described in the Methods section. Columns 1990 O, 1995 O, and O are the observed survey values.

18 126 Mason, Rivers, Helwig TABLE A1.4. Prevalences of anemia in pregnant women, Region Country O O O Angola Benin [72.7] 1 Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon [52.6] 1 Central African Republic Chad Congo Congo, Democratic Republic of the Côte d Ivoire Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Gambia, The Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Kenya Lesotho Liberia Madagascar Malawi Mali

19 Recent trends in malnutrition in developing regions Mauritania Mauritius Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda Senegal Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Uganda Zambia 32, Zimbabwe Afghanistan Bangladesh Bhutan Nepal [68.9] Pakistan 57.0 [57] Sri Lanka continued

20 128 Mason, Rivers, Helwig TABLE A1.4. Prevalences of anemia in pregnant women, (continued) Region Country O O India Algeria Bahrain [41] 4 Egypt Iran Iraq Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Libya Morocco Oman Saudi Arabia Syrian Arab Republic Tunisia United Arab Emirates Yemen Cambodia O [66]

21 Recent trends in malnutrition in developing regions Indonesia Korea, Democratic People s Republic of Korea, Republic of Lao People s Democratic Republic Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Papua New Guinea Philippines Samoa Thailand Vietnam Bahamas [12] 6 Barbados [29] 6 Belize Costa Rica , Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic continued

22 130 Mason, Rivers, Helwig TABLE A1.4. Prevalences of anemia in pregnant women, (continued) Region Country O O O El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Trinidad and Tobago [53] Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Guyana Paraguay Peru Uruguay

23 Recent trends in malnutrition in developing regions Venezuela China Armenia Azerbaijan Georgia Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Slovakia Tajikistan Turkey [74] Turkmenistan Uzbekistan Observed prevalence (in regular font), predicted prevalence based on nonpregnant women (underlined), and predicted prevalence from regression model (in italics); brackets indicate values not used in the regression model; shaded cells are the observed values that were used in the formulation of the regression model; observed values consist of both national and subnational surveys. Columns 1990 I, 1995 I, and I, are the interpolated values by regression, as described in the Methods section. Columns 1990 O, 1995 O, and O are the observed survey values.

24 132 Mason, Rivers, Helwig TABLE A1.5. Prevalences of anemia in children 0 59 months old, Region Country O O Angola Benin [81.9] 1 Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Central African Republic Chad Congo Congo, Democratic Republic of Côte d Ivoire [49] Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Gambia, The Ghana Guinea Guinnea- Bisseau Kenya Lesotho Liberia Madagascar [66.8]

25 Recent trends in malnutrition in developing regions Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda Senegal Sierra Leone [50] Somalia South Africa Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Uganda Zambia [65] Zimbabwe Weighted regional Afghanistan Bangladesh Bhutan continued

26 134 Mason, Rivers, Helwig TABLE A1.5. Prevalences of anemia in children 0 59 months old, (continued) Region Country O Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka Weighted regional India Algeria Bahrain 4 Egypt , Iran 35.7, Iraq Jordan 34.3, 39.8 [1.0], Kuwait Lebanon Libya Morocco , Oman Saudi Arabia Syrian Arab Republic Tunisia United Arab Emirates Yemen O

27 Recent trends in malnutrition in developing regions 135 Weighted regional Cambodia Indonesia Lao People s Democratic Republic Malaysia Micronesia [70] 5 Mongolia Myanmar Papua New Guinea Philippines Samoa [63] 5 Thailand Vietnam Weighted regional Barbados Belize Costa Rica Cuba Dominica 6 Dominican Republic continued

28 136 Mason, Rivers, Helwig TABLE A1.5. Prevalences of anemia in children 0 59 months old, (continued) Region Country O O El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Haiti [65.8] 6 Honduras [29.9] 6 Jamaica [78.0] Mexico Nicaragua [33.5] 6 Panama St Vincent and the Grenadines [68] 6 Trinidad and Tobago Weighted regional Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador

29 Recent trends in malnutrition in developing regions Guyana Paraguay Peru , Uruguay Venezuela Weighted regional China Armenia , Azerbaijan Georgia Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Tajikistan Turkey Turkmenistan , Uzbekistan 27.7 [61], Weighted regional Observed prevalence (in regular font), prevalence predicted from the regression model (in italics); brackets indicate values not used in the regression model. Shaded cells are the observed values that were used in the formulation of the regression model. Observed values consist of both national and subnational surveys. Columns 1990 I, 1995 I, and I are the interpolated values by regression, as described in the Methods section. Columns 1990 O, 1995 O, and O are the observed survey values.

30 138 Mason, Rivers, Helwig Table A1.6A. Iodine deficiency and salt iodization programs in Sub-Saharan Africa, Middle East and North Africa, and Central Asia and Country Angola O O Benin 23.7 Botswana 8.0 Burkina Faso Burundi 42.4 Cameroon Cape Verde 2.0 Central African Republic Chad Comoros Congo Congo, Democratic Republic of Côte d Ivoire Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia 28.5 Gabon 34.4 Gambia Ghana Guinea 22.6 Guinnea- Bisseau Kenya (20) Lesotho 16.2 Liberia (13.9) Madagascar 24.1 Malawi 12.7 Mali Mauritania 19 Mauritius Mozambique Namibia

31 Recent trends in malnutrition in developing regions 139 Eastern Europe, O. TGR source O Legislation 1997 ( ) (1995 ) 2002 (1997 ) TGR P x , , x Legislation, x > x TGR source Legislation Legislation , Legislation x , Legislation * , * 76 (3.5) x x x , Legislation Legislation 2 > continued

32 140 Mason, Rivers, Helwig Table A1.6A. Iodine deficiency and salt iodization programs in Sub-Saharan Africa, Middle East and North Africa, and Central Asia and Country Niger O O Nigeria Rwanda 49.6 Legislation Senegal 44.3 Legislation Sierra Leone Somalia Sudan Swaziland Tanzania South Africa * Legislation Legislation Togo 22.1 Uganda 42.5 Zimbabwe 42.3 Algeria Zambia 50.5 Legislation Legislation Egypt Iraq Jordan 42.9 Kuwait Lebanon Libya Iran 30 Legislation Legislation Legislation (1964) *

33 Recent trends in malnutrition in developing regions 141 Eastern Europe, (continued) O. TGR source O ( ) (1995 ) 2002 (1997 ) TGR P TGR source Legislation Legislation Legislation * x 16.3 * 2 (23.0) (12.3, 32.2)= , x , (44) Legislation Legislation (93) , Legislation? 2 Recent iodized salt (yr?) * (yr?) 37.7, Legislation Agreement to iodize salt x 11.0 Legislation 90(yr?) 10.1 continued

34 142 Mason, Rivers, Helwig Table A1.6A. Iodine deficiency and salt iodization programs in Sub-Saharan Africa, Middle East and North Africa, and Central Asia and Country Morocco O O Oman Palestine Saudi Arabia Syrian Arab Republic Tunisia United Arab Emirates Legislation (1970) Iodized salt 4.3 Yemen Armenia Azerbaijan Georgia Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Slovakia Tajikistan Turkey Turkmenistan Legislation (1968) Uzbekistan Bolded values are total goiter rate (TGR) prevalence; iodized salt coverage is in italics; * indicates the year that large-scale iodization of salt started; ( ) indicates subnational data; X indicates household iodized salt consumption not between 1997 and. Shaded cells show where coverage of iodized salt is thought to be > 25%. Estimates for all countries are given for only. P represents the predicted values O, 1990 O, 1995 O, O are the observed survey values. See page 159, this issue, for sources.

35 Recent trends in malnutrition in developing regions 143 Eastern Europe, (continued) O. 22 Legislation TGR source O * 3 Iodized salt started 3 87(yr?) 1997 ( ) (1995 ) 2002 (1997 ) 30(yr?) TGR P TGR source Legislation Legislation * 2 40(yr?) Legislation < 17(yr?) x

36 144 Mason, Rivers, Helwig TABLE A1.6B. Iodine deficiency and salt iodization programs in South Asia, Southeast Asia, and Latin America, Country Afghanistan Pre-iod TGR O Bangladesh 20 30% Legislation Bhutan >30% 65.4, 0 10 India <20% (15) * Nepal >30% 55 (1960) TGR source* *, ,2,2 Pakistan (10 80) Sri Lanka <20% (22.5 wetzone, 6.1dry), (12-54) Maldives Cambodia >30% ,2 China (70) (50) 9.2 (87) 2 Indonesia >30% 32 (37) * ,2,2 Korea, Democratic People s Republic of Lao People s Democratic Republic Malaysia Mongolia 20-30% 20-30% 25 2 Myanmar 20-30% 18 2 Papua New Guinea Philippines <20% Thailand <20% 0 17 * Vietnam Belize Costa Rica <20% Legislation (1941), 18 (1966) 5.3 (1979) Cuba (30) (1974) Dominican Republic <20% El Salvador 48 (1966) 3 10,10, ,2 Guatemala 20 40%

37 Recent trends in malnutrition in developing regions O O ( ) (1995- ) 2002 (1997- ) 47.1 *, TGR source X (32) 40, * 87, ,5 * , ,3, * 5 5 * (72) 75.8, , * 41 50, , ,7 (61) 6.7 * , , * , 77.6 or ,1,1, ,5,7,7 5.5, X ( ) X * X , continued

38 146 Mason, Rivers, Helwig TABLE A1.6B. Iodine deficiency and salt iodization programs in South Asia, Southeast Asia, and Latin America, (continued) Country Haiti 2 Honduras <20% 17 (1969) Jamaica *(1962) Mexico 28.8 (1932), 28.8, (54.6) Nicaragua >30% *(1978), 33 Panama <20% 16.5, 0 *(1970), 6 Trinidad and Tobago Argentina 49.8, *(1968) Bolivia (77), *(1970) Brazil (27.2) *(1974), 14.7 *(1971) , ,10,2 10, , ,2 Chile (24.8) 9 10,2 Colombia >30% 52.6, *(1950), 33.9 Ecuador <20% 17.4 * 2 Guyana Pre-iod TGR Paraguay >30% Peru 20-30% , *(1970), O Uruguay 1 2 Venezuela <20% , 6.67 TGR source Bolded values are total goiter rate (TGR) prevalence; iodized salt coverage is in italics (nonbold); * indicates the year that large-scale iodization of salt started; ( ) indicates subnational data; X indicates household iodized salt consumption not between 1997 and O, 1990 O, 1995 O, O are the observed survey values. Shaded cells show where coverage of iodized salt is thought to be > 25%. See page 159, this issue, for sources. 10, ,3,5

39 Recent trends in malnutrition in developing regions O O ( ) (1995- ) 2002 (1997- ) TGR P , ,5 TGR source (33.7) , X (4.5) (1.4), X * (40.0) (10.8) 93 (1) ,5 (8-9.1) * (2.2) ,3

40 148 Mason, Rivers, Helwig TABLE A1.7. Prevalence of underweight children 0 59 months of age, Region Country O O O. Source * 1 Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Central African Rep Chad Congo Congo, Democratic Republic of the Côte d Ivoire Eritrea Ethiopia , Gabon Gambia, The Ghana Guinea Guinnea-Bisseau Kenya Lesotho Liberia Madagascar Malawi Mali

41 Recent trends in malnutrition in developing regions Mauritania Mauritius Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda Senegal Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Afghanistan Bangladesh Bhutan Nepal (01) 3 2 Pakistan Sri Lanka India continued

42 150 Mason, Rivers, Helwig TABLE A1.7. Prevalence of underweight children 0 59 months of age, (continued) Region Country O O O. Source * 3 Algeria Egypt Iran Iraq Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Libya Morocco Saudi Arabia Syrian Arab Republic Tunisia United Arab Emirates Yemen Cambodia Indonesia Lao People s Democratic Republic Malaysia Mongolia Myanmar Papua New Guinea Philippines

43 Recent trends in malnutrition in developing regions Thailand Vietnam Belize Costa Rica Cuba Dominican Republic El Salvador Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Trinidad and Tobago Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Guyana Paraguay Peru Uruguay continued

44 152 Mason, Rivers, Helwig TABLE A1.7. Prevalence of underweight children 0 59 months of age, (continued) Region Country O O O. Source * 6 Venezuela China Armenia Azerbaijan Georgia Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Slovakia Tajikistan Turkey Turkmenistan Uzbekistan Observed prevalence (in regular font), prevalence predicted from regression model (in italics); observed values consist of national data only. Columns 1990 I, 1995 I, and I are the interpolated values by regression, as described in the Methods section. Columns 1990 O, 1995 O, and O are the observed survey values. * Sources: given for most recent survey, for surveys after 1995 (earlier surveys are listed in Administrative Committee on Coordination/Sub-committee on Nutrition. Fourth report on the world nutrition situation. Geneva: World Health Organization,, pp 94 96; Mason JB, Lotfi M, Dalmiya N, Sethuraman K, Deitchler M, with Geibel S, Gillenwater K, Gilman A, Mason K, Mock N. Micronutrient Initiative/UNICEF/Tulane University. The micronutrient report: current progress in the control of vitamin A, iodine, and iron deficiencies. Ottawa, Canada: International Development Research Centre, 2001, pp 86 87). Key to sources: 1 = UNICEF/MICS; 2 = DHS; 3 = nationally implemented survey, listed in WHO database: and/or Administrative Committee on Coordination/Sub-committee on Nutrition. Fifth report on the world nutrition situation. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2004, pp

45 Recent trends in malnutrition in developing regions 153 Sources for xerophthalmia Country Survey year Reported prevalence (%) Source Bangladesh Bhutan Bolivia Chad China a Egypt Ethiopia b India Indonesia Lao People s Democratic Republic /1.1 7 Madagascar Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Niger Nigeria Philippines Sri Lanka Sudan Vietnam Zimbabwe a. Survey of 14 provinces, treated as national. b. National Bitot s spots (X1B) prevalence, 1.0%. Key to sources for xerophthalmia 1. USAID Micronutrient Program (MOST). OMNI micronutrient fact sheet: Bangladesh. mostproject.org/pubs2.htm#most%20publications. Accessed 20 December World Health Organization. Nutrition profile of Bangladesh, htm 13. Accessed 20 December Helen Keller International and Institute of Public Health Nutrition. Nutrition Surveillance Project in Bangladesh, NSP% pdf. Accessed 20 December Global Micronutrient Survey. New Orleans: Tulane University and The Micronutrient Initiative, Mora JO, Gueri M, Mora OL. Vitamin A deficiency in Latin America and the Caribbean: an overview. Rev Panam Salud Publica 1998;4: Available at: sci_arttext&pid=s &lng=en& nrm=iso. Accessed 20 December WHO. Global prevalence of vitamin A deficiency. MDIS Working Paper 2. WHO/NUT/95.3. Geneva: World Health Organization, Deitchler M, Mason JB, Mathys E, Winichagoon P, Tuazon MA. Lessons from successful micronutrient programs: Program initiation. Food Nutr Bull 2004; 25: Mason JB, Lotfi M, Dalmiya N, Sethuraman K, Deitchler M, with Geibel S, Gillenwater K, Gilman A, Mason K, Mock N. UNICEF field survey of country offices undertaken in Micronutrient Initiative/UNICEF/Tulane University. The micronutrient report: current progress in the control of vitamin A, iodine, and iron deficiencies. Ottawa, Canada: International Development Research Centre, USAID Micronutrient Program (MOST). OMNI micronutrient fact sheet: Niger. Niger.htm. Accessed 20 December 2004.

46 154 Mason, Rivers, Helwig Sources for vitamin A deficiency Country Survey year Reported prevalence (%) of serum retinol <0.7µmol/L Source Angola Antigua Argentina * * 3 Bangladesh Belize Bolivia * 5 Botswana * 6 Brazil * * * 3 Cameroon * 5 Cape Verde Central African Republic China * * 3 Colombia * * 6 Congo * 5 Costa Rica Côte d Ivoire * Dominica Dominican Repub * 5 Ecuador * 5 Egypt El Salvador * * 5 Eritrea Ethiopia Gambia Guatemala * Guyana Honduras Country Survey year Reported prevalence (%) of serum retinol <0.7µmol/L Source India- AP * 3 India- Orissa * 3 Indonesia * 6 Jordan * 3 Kenya * 6 Lao P.D.R Liberia Malaysia * 5 Mauritius Mexico * 5 Micronesia Mongolia Myanmar * 5 Namibia Nepal Nicaragua * Nigeria Oman Pakistan * 5 Panama Papua New Guinea * 6 Peru * * Philippines * South Africa * * 5 Sri Lanka * 8 St. Vincent/Gren Swaziland Tanzania * * 3 Thailand * 5 Uganda Uzbekistan * 6 continued

47 Recent trends in malnutrition in developing regions Sources for vitamin A deficiency (continued) Country Vietnam Yemen * 5 Zambia * Zimbabwe * Subnational data. Survey year Reported prevalence (%) of serum retinol <0.7µmol/L Key to sources for vitamin A deficiency Source 1. World Health Organization (2004). Anthropometry and Micronutrient Databases. Available at: http// 2. Mora JO, Gueri M, Mora OL. Vitamin A deficiency in Latin America and the Caribbean: an overview. Rev 155 Panam Salud Publica 1998;4: Available at: pid=s &lng=en&nrm=iso. Accessed 20 December Global Micronutrient Survey. New Orleans: Tulane University and Micronutrient Initiative, Deitchler M, Mason JB, Mathys E, Winichagoon P, Tuazon MA. Lessons from successful micronutrient programs: Program initiation. Food Nutr Bull 2004; 25: World Health Organization. Global prevalence of vitamin A deficiency. MDIS Working Paper 2. WHO/ NUT/95.3. Geneva: World Health Organization, UNICEF field survey of country offices undertaken in Micronutrient Report. Ottawa, Canada: Micronutrient Initiative, Stoltzfus, R and Klemm, R. Sustainable control of vitamin a deficiency: defining progress through assessment, surveillance, and evaluation. Report of the XVIII International Vitamin A Consultative Group Meeting. USAID, Opportunities for Micronutrient Initiatives (OMNI) Fact Sheet: Sri Lanka. Available at: intl/omni/sri_pub.htm. Accessed 20 December 2004.

48 156 Sources for anemia in nonpregnant women Country Survey year Source Armenia 1 Bangladesh Benin Bolivia Cambodia 6 Cameroon 6 Central African Rep Chile China Côte d Ivoire Egypt 7 Gambia Grenada Guinea 6 Haiti 8 Honduras India Indonesia Iran Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya Kyrgyzstan Lao P.D.R. 3 Liberia Mali 6 Mongolia 6 Nepal Nicaragua 6 Niger 6 Panama Peru 6 Philippines Thailand Turkmenistan 14 Uganda 6 Uzbekistan Viet Nam 6 Zambia Zimbabwe Key to sources for anemia in nonpregnant women 1. National Statistical Service (Armenia), Ministry of Health (Armenia), and ORC Macro. Armenia Demographic and Health Survey. Calverton, Md, USA: National Statistical Service, Ministry of Health, and Mason, Rivers, Helwig ORC Macro, Helen Keller Intenational. Anemia is a severe public health problem in pre-school children and pregnant women in rural Bangladesh. Nutrition Surveillance Project Bulletin No. 10. Dhaka: Helen Keller International/ Bangladesh, NSP%20Bulletin%2010.pdf. 3. Mason JB, Lotfi M, Dalmiya N, Sethuraman K, Deitchler M. The Micronutrient Report: current progress and trends in the control of vitamin A, iodine, and iron deficiencies. Ottawa, Canada: Micronutrient Initiative, National Institute of Statistics and Economic Analysis (INSAE) and ORC Macro. Benin Demographic and Health Survey Calverton, Md, USA: National Institute of Statistics and Economic Analysis and ORC Macro, National Institute of Statistics (Bolivia) and Macro International. Bolivia Demographic and Health Survey Calverton, Md, USA: National Institute of Statistics and Macro International, Global Micronutrient Survey. New Orleans: Tulane University and Micronutrient Initiative, El-Zanaty F, Way A, Ministry of Health (Egypt), and ORC Macro. Egypt Demographic and Health Survey. Calverton, Md, USA: ORC Macro, Cayemittes M, Placide MF, Barrère B, Mariko S, Sévère B. Haiti Mortality, Morbidity, and Service Utilization Survey. Calverton, Md, USA: Ministry of Public Health and Population, Haitian Children s Institute and ORC Macro, International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS) and ORC Macro. National Family Health Survey (NFHS-2), : India. Mumbai: IIPS, Academy of Preventive Medicine (Kazakhstan) and Macro International. Kazakhstan Demographic and Health Survey Calverton, Md, USA: Academy of Preventive Medicine and Macro International, Research Institute of Obstetrics and Pediatrics and Ministry of Health of the Kyrgz Republic and Macro International. Kyrgz Republic Demographic and Health Survey Calverton, Md, USA: Macro International, Department of Science and Technology (DOST) and Food and Nutrition Research Institute (FNRI). Philippine nutrition: facts and figures. Manila, Deitchler M, Mason JB, Mathys E, Winichagoon P, Tuazon MA. Lessons from successful micronutrient programs: Program initiation. Food Nutr Bull 2004;25: Gurbansoltan Eje Clinical Research Center for Maternal and Child Health (GECRCMCH), Ministry of Health and Medical Industry (Turkmenistan), and ORC Macro. Turkmenistan Demographic and Health Survey. Calverton, Md, USA: GECRCMCH and ORC Macro, Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Ministry of Health of the Republic of Uzbekistan and Macro International. Uzbekistan Demographic and Health Survey Calverton, Md, USA: Macro International, World Health Organization (2004). Anthropometry and Micronutrient Deficiency Databases. Available at: