Metabolism is the sum of body processes inside living cells that sustain life and health.

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1 Keeping it Simple Nutrition in General: Metabolism is the sum of body processes inside living cells that sustain life and health. The registered dietician role is to carry out major responsibilities in relation to nutritional care of clients, and is considered the nutritional authority. General Terms: Peristalsis: Are wavelike contractions of the muscle fibers of the stomach and intestine that transport food through our bodies. Peristalsis: Energy: Comes from food (carbs, proteins, and fats), and carbs provide most of it. Glucose is the major source of fuel for the body s cells. Carbs/glucose stored in our body as glycogen. Normal Blood Sugar: A normal blood sugar is mg/dl. Hypoglycemia Low Blood Sugar. Euglycemia Normal Blood Sugar. Hyperglycemia High Blood Sugar. Carbohydrates 45-65% of total calorie intake 1 gram = 4 kcal. (i.e.11 grams 44 kcal): Contains Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen. Glucose is the cornerstone product. It is the sugar to which all sugars are converted to. Page 1 of 7

2 Glucose is the major provider of fuel for the body s cells. Ketones: Adequate consumption of carbs prevent the breakdown of fat in our body. The breakdown of the fat in the body results in the formation of ketones. Monosaccharides Building Blocks For All Carbohydrates: Glucose. Fructose. Galactose. Disaccharides Double Sugars Linked Together: Sucrose = Glucose + Fructose (sweetest sugar). Lactose = Glucose + Galactose (milk sugar). Maltose = Glucose + Glucose. Polysaccharides Complex Carbs Composed of Many Single-Sugar Units: Breaks down more slowly, and supplies energy over a longer period. Polysaccharides, Glycogen, Dietary Fiber, Cellulose. Protein 1 gram = 4 kcal.(i.e. 12 grams=48 kcal): Composed of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen. Amino acid is the basic unit that makes up protein. Makes up 10-35% of diet - 1 gram = 4 kcal. Albumin As a body protein that assists in providing blood volume in circulation. PROTEIN ASSISTS IN PROTECING OUR BODY DEFENSE, and growth and repair of tissues. Nitrogen Balance: Excessive nitrogen results in a + Nitrogen balance. Whereas less nitrogen results in a Nitrogen balance. Anabolism Rebuilding of Tissue: Page 2 of 7

3 Catabolism Breakdown of Tissue: Complete Proteins: Contains 9 indispensable (essential) amino acids in correct proportion and ratio. Derived from animal origin. Complete Proteins Derived from Animals: Page 3 of 7

4 Incomplete Proteins From Plants Deficient in One or More Amino Acids: Incomplete Proteins: Complementary Proteins: Uses combinations of proteins to make a complete protein. Grains + Legumes. Wheat + Peanuts + Milk. Rice + Beans. Sesame + Beans. Page 4 of 7

5 Fiber: Fiber does not improve energy, but does improve our gastrointestinal system, cardiovascular system, and the management of diabetes. When taking fiber it is important to increase the amount of water you drink. Problem Can deter the absorption of minerals. Beans/legumes have very high fiber. Additional food sources are raw fruits and vegetables, as well as whole grains. Lipids 35% of Diet 1 gram = 9 kcal...11 grams = 99 kcal: Improves aroma and flavor of food, carry fat soluble vitamins, A, D, E, and K. Become saturated with increased hydrogen bonds, and more solid at room temperature, typically from animals, exceptions from plants being coconut and palm oil. Not good for patients with CAD, hypertension, or CVA. Page 5 of 7

6 Ironically, is the preferred energy of the heart muscle. Makes food flavorful. Essential Fatty Acids: The body cannot make it itself: essential for heart muscle and contractility. Triglycerides: Made of glycerol and fatty acids. Cholesterol: Is synthesized in the body up to 1000 mg. Dietary recommendation is to have less than 200 mg, and no more than that as food consumption. Seafood and Marine Oils: Seafood: Contains omega 3-fatty acids, reduces inflammation, joint swelling, alters platelet activity by dilating vessels, and assisting in the prevention of clumping of platelets. Also has DHA, which improves mood and increases mind acuity. Saturated Fats Contain More Hydrogen, Solid at Room Temp: Page 6 of 7

7 HDL Protect us From CAD: For Dietary Guidelines: Please see your reading(s). Tracy Clawson and Indian Hills Community College Page 7 of 7

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