What is the function of ribosomes? Draw and label a Bacteria cell.

Transcription

1 Q1 Q2 Q3 What does the mitochondria do? What is the function of ribosomes? What is the function of the cell wall? Q4 Q5 Q6 What is the function of cell membranes? What is diffusion? What is found in plant cells but not animal cells? Q7 What does the nucleus contain? Q8 Draw and label a Bacteria cell. Q9 What is the function of cytoplasm?

2 A3 It strengthens the cell. A2 Act as the site for protein synthesis. A1 This is where respiration occurs and energy is released. A6 Cell Wall Chloroplasts Vacuole A5 The movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. A4 Controls the movement of cells into and out of the cell. A9 Its where chemical reactions take place. A8 A7 The nucleus contains genetic material, which controls the activities of the cell.

3 Q10 What does the Chloroplast do? Q11 What is the function of the permanent vacuole? Q12 Draw and label a yeast cell. Q13 Why do sperm cells need so many mitochondria? Q14 What two factors affect the rate of diffusion? Q15 How is this cell adapted? Q16 What is an organ system? Q17 What organs make up the digestive system? Q18 What is an organ?

4 A 12 A11 It is filled with cell sap to help keep the cell turgid. A10 They contain chlorophyll which absorbs light energy for photosynthesis. A15 It has an increased surface area with a very thin wall for quick diffusion. A14 The larger the difference in concentration and temperature A13 To give them lots of energy for swimming. A18 Organs are made up of tissues, one organ can contain several tissues all working together. A17 Salivary glands Stomach Small intestine Liver, pancreas Large intestine A16 Different organs are combined in an organ system to carry out major functions in the body. E.g. the digestive system

5 Q19 What is a tissue? Q20 Name the tissues in the stomach and explain what they do. Q21 What is cell differentiation? Q22 What are the main organs in a plant and what are their function? Q23 Draw and label a cross section of a leaf. Q24 What is the word equation for photosynthesis? Q25 How do green plants absorb light energy? Q26 What do plants use light energy for? Q27 What do plants use glucose for?

6 A21 When cells become specialised to carry out a particular function. E.g. root hair cell A 20 A19 A tissue is a group of cells with similar structure and function all working together. A24 Carbon dioxide + water (+ light energy) glucose + oxygen. A23 A22 Stem: Supports leaves and flowers Root: Takes in water and minerals from the soil Leaf: Carries out photosynthesis A27 Used in respiration or converted into starch and stored, used to make bigger molecules like cellulose A26 To react Carbon dioxide with water to make a sugar called glucose. A25 Using Chlorophyll in the chloroplasts in their leaves.

7 Q28 What are the factors that can limit photosynthesis? Q29 What is the function of fats, oils, cellulose, starch and proteins in a plant? Q30 How do plants obtain nitrate ions and what are they needed for? Q31 Suggest reasons for the distribution of organisms in a habitat. Q32 What are abiotic factors? Q33 What is the structure of protein molecules? Q34 List some protein molecules found inside living organisms. Q35 What is a Catalyst? Q36 What is an enzyme?

8 A30 Absorbed from the soil and used to make proteins. A29 Fats / Oils: energy store or for cell walls Cellulose: to strengthen the cell Starch: to store glucose Proteins: Used in the cell A28 Temperature, Carbon dioxide concentration and light intensity. A33 Proteins are long chains of amino acids that are folded to produce a specific shape that accommodates other molecules. A32 The non-living features of an ecosystem e.g. light levels A31 Temperature Nutrients Amount of light Availability of water Availability of O 2 and CO 2 A36 Enzymes are biological catalysts. A35 Catalysts increase the rate of chemical reactions without being used up. A34 Structural components e.g. muscles and tendons Hormones Antibodies Catalysts (Enzymes)

9 Q37 Why are enzymes specific? Q38 At what temperature do enzymes usually denature? Q39 What is denaturing? Q40 What effect does ph have on the activity of enzymes? Q41 Why are proteases used in some baby foods? Q42 What type of substances do Lipases break down? Q43 What does Amylase break down starch into? Q44 What ph do stomach enzymes work best at? Q45 What does Protease catalyse?

10 A39 Where the enzymes loses its shape and the active site no longer fits the substrate so it doesn't work. A38 At about 45ºC A37 So they can fit a particular substrate A42 Fats. It turns lipids into Fatty Acids + Glycerol A41 To predigest the proteins. A40 A change in ph can change the forces holding the enzyme together, this can change the shape of the active site A45 A44 At about ph2 A43 Sugars e.g. Glucose Proteins into amino acids

11 Q46 What is digestion? Q47 What is bile and what does it do? Q48 Where is Amylase produced? Q49 What is the optimum temperature for enzymes? Q50 Where is protease produced? Q51 How are carbohydrases and isomerase used in industry? Q52 How do biological detergents work? Q53 What is the equation for aerobic respiration? Q54 Name some uses of energy in plants and animals.

12 A48 Salivary gland. It is a carbohydrase and these are also produced in the pancreas and small intestine. A47 Produced by the liver and stored in the gall bladder, bile neutralises stomach acid and provides alkaline conditions in the small intestine so enzymes can work effectively A46 The breakdown of large molecules into smaller, soluble molecules that can be absorbed into the body. A51 Carbohydrases: converts starch into glucose syrup Isomerase: Changes glucose syrup into fructose syrup A50 The stomach, small intestine and pancreas. A49 The temperature at which its activity is greatest. A54 Building molecules Muscle contraction Maintaining a steady body temp Making proteins A53 Oxygen + glucose Carbon dioxide + water + (energy) A52 Biological detergents contain proteases and lipases which break down stains better at lower temperatures.

13 Q55 Why does respiration occur continually in plants and animals? Q56 Where does respiration take place? Q57 What is the test for Carbon dioxide? Q58 What happens to the heart rate and breathing rate during exercise? Why? Q59 What is the relationship between glycogen and glucose in liver and muscle cells? Q60 What is the equation for anaerobic respiration? Q61 What effect does lactic acid have on muscles? Q62 What are chromosomes? Where are they found? Q63 How do body cells divide?

14 A57 Limewater: it goes cloudy when mixed with Carbon dioxide A56 In mitochondria, muscle cells contain more mitochondria than skin cells A55 Because energy is being used up all the time. A60 Glucose Lactic acid + (energy) A59 Glycogen is converted to glucose when it is needed for respiration A58 They increase, this increases blow flow to muscles and increases the supply of glucose and oxygen and the removal of carbon dioxide A63 Using mitosis A62 Long strands of genetic information (DNA), they are found in pairs in the nucleus of cells. A61 As lactic acid builds up muscles become fatigued (tired).

15 Q64 What is Mitosis? Why does is happen? Q65 What is asexual reproduction? Q66 What are gametes? Q67 How and where are gametes formed? Q68 Why does sexual reproduction result in variety Q69 When do cells differentiate? Q70 What is a stem cell? Q71 How can we use stem cells? Q72 What is a gene?

16 A66 Sex cells, e.g. sperm and egg. A65 Where a parental cell will use mitosis to form genetically identical offspring. A64 Copies of the genetic material are made and then the cell divides into two identical cells. It is needed for growth or repair of cells. A69 Animals: at the early stage of development Plants: at any stage A68 Because each gamete is different and when they fuse with another gamete this leads to variety A67 Using Meiosis. They only contain one set of chromosomes. Sperm in the testes Eggs in the ovaries A72 A small section of DNA. A71 To treat some conditions such as paralysis A70 A cell that can differentiate into any type of cell.

17 Q73 Q74 Q75 What is an allele? What are the chances of producing a male or female? Who was Mendel? Q76 What is DNA fingerprinting? Q77 What is Polydactyly? Q78 What is cystic fibrosis? Q79 What is a fossil? Q80 Why are fossils useful? Q81 What is extinction?

18 A75 A monk who performed experiments and found that some alleles are dominant over others (recessive) A74 50% X X X XX XX Y XY XY A73 A different version of the same gene. A78 A genetic disorder affecting cell membranes, caused by a recessive allele A77 A genetic disorder where you have extra fingers or toes. This is caused by a dominant allele. A76 Each person has unique DNA except identical twins. DNA fingerprinting can be used to identify individuals. A81 The permanent loss of all members of a species. A80 Fossils can tell us how much or how little organisms have changed as life developed on Earth. To help us to understand evolutionary Relationships. A79 Fossils are the remains of organisms from many years ago, they are found in rocks.

19 Q82 What causes extinction? Q83 What is meant by species? Q84 How can new species arise? Q85 Q86 Q87 Q88 Q89 Q90

20 A84 Through geographical isolation, two populations become physically isolated e.g. by a river A83 A species is group of organisms that can reproduce and produce fertile offspring. A82 Changes to the Environment, New predators New diseases, New Competitors, A catastrophic event, normal speciation A87 A86 A85 A90 A89 A88