Name Ms. Foglia AP BIOLOGY METABOLISM 1 ESSAY EXAM (CHAPTERS 6 & 9)
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1 Name Ms. Foglia Exam AP August 29, 2007 AP BIOLOGY METABOLISM 1 ESSAY EXAM (CHAPTERS 6 & 9) Complete the answers to the best of your ability. You may discuss these questions with your classmates and with me, but not with any other science teachers. You may research the answers in the textbook and on the Internet. However, in the end, your answer must be wholly your own. It must be written in your own words. You cannot copy or paraphrase from any source. EVERY STUDENT MUST CRAFT THEIR OWN ANSWER AND MUST HAVE A COMPLETELY UNIQUELY WORDED ANSWER FOR EACH QUESTION. I will hold you to a very strict standard on this any suspicion of plagiarism will cause each student involved to LOSE FULL CREDIT. This exam MUST be TYPED at 1.5 SPACING. It is due Friday, November 11, 2005 at 5:00pm. You may hand in the document in hard copy during the school day on Thursday or it to me in either Microsoft Word or Adobe Acrobat PDF format on Friday. No other software is acceptable; Microsoft Works is not acceptable. For those of you without computers, make arrangements with another classmate to go over their house to use their computer to it to me (bio@kimunity.com), or use the Public Library. Concise answers short and to the point are appreciated. More words do not make your answer more right. 1. Amylase is the enzyme that breaks down starch to sugars (glucose and maltose) in humans (and in many other organisms). Students studied this reaction in a lab activity by mixing amylase and starch in a test tube. a. The students found that the reaction rate increased as the test tube was heated from 0 C to 37 C. Explain why this occurs. (2) As the solution is heated the substrate gains more energy and moves (diffuses) more rapidly through the solution thereby colliding with the enzyme more often. b. But the students then found that the reaction rate decreased as the test tube was heated from 40 C to 90 C, Explain why this occurs. (2) As the enzyme is heated further the increase in energy begins to disrupt the internal weak bonds of the protein (H bonds & hydrophobic forces) that maintain its tertiary structure and the protein begins to denature decreasing its reactive ability. c. And finally students found that the reaction ceased when the test tube was heated to 100 C, Explain why this occurs. (1) Once the enzyme is heated to 100 C (boiling) it fully denatures and is no longer reactive. d. Give an example of specific data which students could measure in this experiment to determine the rate of amylase activity. Suggest a way that this variable could be measured. (1) You either measure loss of substrate (starch) or generation of product (glucose). Gain in glucose is the best choice. 1 of 5
2 2. At a constant temperature and ph, the rate of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction is dependent on the concentration of enzyme and the concentration of substrate. a. Explain why at very high concentrations of substrate the reaction rate levels off. (2) At very high substrate concentrations, the enzyme is flooded with substrate and is working as fast as it can so the rate levels off at this maximum rate. b. Explain why at very high concentrations of enzyme the reaction rate drops to zero. (2) At very high enzyme concentrations, the enzyme reacts with all of the available substrate and finally runs out of substrate bringing reaction rate to zero.. 3. The oxidation of wood (fire) and the oxidation of glucose (respiration) are basically the same exergonic reaction. However the amount of heat released by fire would destroy a cell. Explain how a cell manages to harvest the energy stored in glucose and still maintain internal temperatures conducive to life. (5) Fire (combustion) is the oxidation of cellulose in one step and therefore releases a tremendous amount of energy. Cellular respiration overcomes this by releasing the energy stored in sugars in many small steps and a percentage of that energy (~32%) is then harvested to produce ATP and the rest is lost to heat that keeps endotherms ( warm-blooded organisms) warm. 4. Bruce Springsteen says, You can t start a fire without a spark... How do cells overcome this need for an initial high energy input (activation energy) to get even an exergonic reaction started? (5) This initial need for energy to start even an exergonic (energy releasing) reaction is called activation energy. Biological systems utilize enzymes to reduce activation energy so that reactions of life can occur at body temperature and also not cost too much energy. 5. Many anabolic (synthesis) reactions require the input of large amounts of energy to synthesize large molecules. Explain how a cell provides that energy at body temperatures. (5) Biomolecules are synthesized through step-wise metabolic pathways many smalls steps catalyzed by enzymes. The energy required for each step is then provided by splitting ATP into ADP + Pi. This liberates enough energy (7.3 kcal/mole of chemical energy) to drive the energy-requiring reactions of life. This is accomplished through the enzyme structure: the enzyme that catalyzes the endergonic reaction has two binding sites on its surface: one for the substrate and one for ATP. The energy released from splitting ATP pushes the reaction at the second site uphill. In this way organisms couple the energy release from catabolic reactions with the energy needs of anabolic reactions. 2 of 5
3 6. To efficiently manage metabolism, cells need to precisely coordinate and regulate a complex web of chemical reactions. a. Explain why cells need to efficiently manage metabolic pathways and why it is an evolutionary advantage to do so. (3) The goal of metabolism is to make energy available to the cell for a wide range of life processes and to synthesize biomolecules for both growth and for long term energy storage. A more efficient metabolism makes more energy available when its needed and allows for more rapid growth. It s a balancing act making energy when its needed, building cellular molecules when there is both enough raw materials and energy to invest, and synthesizing fats and starches when there is surplus energy,. This balance is essential for survival and success. Do it well & an organism survives longer. If it survives longer, it has more offspring. If it has more offspring, it gets to survive over the evolutionary long term more of the population carries its genes. Figuratively, that successful organism gets to take over the world. b. Feedback inhibition is a common regulatory mechanism. Describe what feedback inhibition is and explain why it is an efficient system for regulating biochemical pathways. (2) Feedback inhibition is when the product in a metabolic pathway becomes the allosteric inhibitor of an enzyme that catalyzes an early step of the pathway. This is an efficient system because it coordinates the need for the product with its production. When the product is not being used, it accumulates and therefore has a greater chance of colliding with the enzyme. Shutting down an enzyme early in the path enables a cell to be efficient: it doesn t waste energy or raw materials on unnecessary synthesis. It can now put them to use elsewhere. 7. ATP is the energy currency of the cell. a. Explain why ATP functions well in this role. (2) ATP stores energy in the bonds between phosphate groups. The highly negative phosphate groups repel each other, therefore each successive phosphate group requires more energy to bond to the molecule. That energy is released when each phosphate group is split off. Since the phosphate groups repel each other, ATP is an unstable molecule and the third phosphate group is easily cleaved off. When the third phosphate group is split off, it releases enough energy to drive the endergonic reactions of life. b. Explain why ATP is only good for short-term energy storage. (2) ATP is too unstable to serve as a long term energy storage molecule. The third phosphate group too easily splits off and is too readily donated to other molecules. c. Explain what a cell uses for longer term energy storage and explain why. (2) Cells use carbohydrates and lipids for long term energy storage. They are far more stable than ATP and also are more energy dense, especially fats. Fats can store a large amount of energy in a smaller space in their hydrocarbon chains. 3 of 5
4 8. Acetyl-CoA is a key molecule in both oxidative cellular respiration and the synthesis of fat (and other large molecules). Explain how the cell can regulate its metabolism if the same molecule is used in both energy production and biosynthesis? (5) Acetyl CoA sits at the top of the Krebs cycle. In this way, it is like the central hub of an extensive railroad line. If energy is needed then the cell sends acetyl CoA through to the Krebs cycle line to produce ATP. If there is enough energy produced then the cell switches tracks and sends acetyl CoA down the synthesis line to produce fats for energy storage. The switching is accomplished through feedback regulation of products acting as enzyme inhibitors and reactants serving as enzyme activators. 9. Scientists consider glycolysis to be one of the earliest biochemical processes to evolve in the first living cells. Describe the evidence that supports this. (5) All organisms perform glycolysis, from bacteria to mammals and the genes for glycolyitc enzyme are highly conserved. Glycolysis occurs under anaerobic conditions so it pre-dates free atmospheric oxygen and therefore photosynthesis (which evolved 2.7 billion years ago). It also occurs in the cytosol so pre-dates eukaryotes (which evolved 1.5 billion years ago). 10. If the point, for a cell, is to make ATP, then what is the value of the many steps of the Krebs cycle, if it makes so little ATP? (5) The value of the Krebs cycle is the production of electron carriers (NADH & FADH 2 ) that will be used in the electron transport chain (ETC). Each electron carrier will donate a H proton (H + ) and an electron to the ETC proteins. The electron will provide the energy to enable the ETC proteins to pump the H protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane into the intermembrane space. This will set up the proton gradient for chemiosmosis enabling ATP synthase to produce ATP. 11. It is often said that the enzyme ATP synthase works like a water wheel turbine. Explain the details of this analogy what flows, what turns, and what work is done? (5) A proton gradient has been established across the inner mitochondrial membrane by the ETC proteins. This is like potential energy of water stored behind a dam. Like a portal for water to flow through the damn, ATP synthase forms a channel in the inner mitochondrial membrane. Hydrogen ions (protons) flow through the ATP synthase channel like water flows through the portal over a water wheel. Then like grinding grain with the turning grinding stones, the energy of the turning protein of ATP synthase powers the synthesis of ATP from ADP and P i. 4 of 5
5 12. Why do we breathe in oxygen and why do we die when we can t? (5) Oxygen is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain. It is what drives the whole flow of electrons through the ETC. When oxygen is not available the electrons back u pand there is no energy to pump protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane. This means there will be no proton gradient to drive chemiosmosis and ATP will no the produced. Without ATP we have no energy currency to fuel the reactions of life like muscle movement and the Na + /K + pumps of the nervous system. 13. In 2005, 29 children died in the Philippines from cyanide poisoning by eating improperly prepared cassava desserts sold at a local fair. In 1945, Adolf Hitler committed suicide by ingesting cyanide salts. Explain how cyanide functions as a metabolic poison. Be specific! (5) Cyanide kills all aerobic organisms by shutting down respiration and ATP production. Specifically, it interrupts the electron transport chain in the inner membrane of the mitochondrion because it binds more strongly than oxygen to the Fe3+ (ferric iron ion) in cytochrome oxidase, preventing this cytochrome from combining electrons with oxygen. It therefore shuts down the ETC by serving as an inhibitor of the final cytochrome in the chain. 14. In biological systems, structure and function are related and membranes are important structural features of cells. Describe the specific role of membrane structure in the synthesis of ATP in cellular respiration. (5) The inner mitochondrial membrane is a great example of structure relating to function. Its membrane contains emebedded transmembrane proteins that serve both as a chain of electron accepting enzymes and proton pumps. The outer membrane is impermeable to protons whereas the inner membrane is permeable to protons (H + ) only through enzyme channels ATP synthase. In addition, the inner mitochondrial membrane has highly infolded cristae to greatly increase surface area for greater numbers of ETC sites. GOOD WORK! not GOOD LUCK! 5 of 5
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