On-Farm Studies of Innovative Methods to Control Worms in Sheep & Goats

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1 On-Farm Studies of Innovative Methods to Control Worms in Sheep & Goats Sponsored by: Federal Formula Funds NESARE Northern NY Ag Development Project USDA Organic Research and Extension Initiative

2 Tested: 1. the effectiveness of dosing sheep and goats with copper oxide wire particles (COWP) to control Haemonchus contortus (barber pole worm), 2. whether establishing and grazing birdsfoot trefoil pastures has potential to control barber pole worm and other round worms, and 3. whether ivermectin should be included in the arsenal of treatments of animals infected with deer-worm.

3 Copper toxicity in sheep Sheep are ten times more susceptible to copper toxicity than cattle. When consumed over a long period of time, excess copper is stored in the liver. No damage occurs until a toxic level is reached hemolytic crisis with destruction of red blood cells. Copper is closely related to molybdenum, and copper toxicity occurs when the dietary ratio of copper to molybdenum increases about 6-10:1. Affected animals suddenly go off feed and become weak. Mucous membranes and white skin turn yellowish brown color. Urine red-brown color due to hemoglobin in the urine.

4 Copper Oxide Wire Particles Copper oxide wire particles (COWP) were developed as a slow release source of copper for cattle on copper deficient soils. COWP particles are retained in the abomasum long enough to permit acid solubilization of the copper. Results in gradual release of copper which reduces risk of copper toxicity.

5 ATTRA Tools for Managing Internal Parasites in Small Ruminants: Copper Wire Particles

6 Copper Oxide Wire Particles COWP boluses (Copasure ) available commercially and already approved by organic certification associations because of their role in copper supplementation and 25 gram boluses for calves and cows need to be repackaged into far smaller doses suitable for growing sheep and goats! ATTRA Tools for Managing Internal Parasites in Small Ruminants: Copper Wire Particles

7 NNY ADP

8 Copper Oxide Wire Particles Effective against Barber pole worm (Haemonchus contortus) and not thought to be effective against arrested worms. What time of year best to give? Not effective against Brown stomach worm, not effective against tapeworms.

9 Brown Stomach Worm (Ostertagia) Used to be considered most serious parasite of sheep in cool climates Worm develops in gastric glands of stomach (abomasum) and destroys the glands as they grow Affects appetite, digestion and nutrient utilization Clinical signs diarrhea, reduced appetite, weight loss

10 Haemonchus contortus The Barber Pole Worm A blood-sucking parasite that pierces the mucosa of the abomasum (ruminant stomach ), causing blood plasma and protein loss to the sheep or goat. short generation time, heavy egg producer; 5,000-10,000 eggs/worm/day can infest and kill host in 4 weeks Each worm can consume 0.05 ml blood per day Main symptom Anemia

11 NEW YORK 1 Goat Dairy Treatments consisted of 1 gram COWP/head, 2 gram COWP/head, or 1 gram COWP/22 lb. live weight 15 to 16 lactating does per treatment

12 Looked for signs of copper problems Sampled milk on Day 0 (immediately before) COWP dosing, Day 14 and Day 42 to analyze for Cu content using plasmaatomic emission spectroscopy Cheese maker reported no changes in time to set curd and consistency of curd for 4 different cheeses made first week immediately following COWP treatments Blood samples taken on Day 42 and the plasma then analyzed for AST enzyme activity ( indicator of copper toxicity)

13 Changes in Cu Level in Milk after COWP Treatment The increase was significantly more for 1 g/22 lb. LW BUT no significant differences in actual level of CU in milk between Day the 14 treatments Increase Treatment Day 0 Immediately before treatment 1 gram/22 lb livewt ppm ( ) 2 gram/head ppm ( ) 1 gram/head ppm ( ) ppm ( ) ppm ppm ( ) ppm ppm ( ) ppm

14 ASP Enzyme Levels in Plasma after COWP Treatment no significant differences between treatments Treatment DAY 42 1 gram/22 lb livewt. 2 gram/head 1 gram/head (89 221) (76 203) (86 138) Copper toxicity elicits enzyme activity values > units. Only two goats had values > 200 units.

15 COWP Effect of copper oxide wire particles (COWP) on the change in fecal egg counts after 14 days. Haemonchus Strongyles 1 g/22 lb. BW g/doe g/doe SE P-value for 1 g/head vs average of 1 g/22 lb. and 2 g/head P-value for 1 g/22 lb. vs 2 g/head NNY ADP

16 St. Lawrence County Extension Learning Farm 40 lambs 20 ewe lambs 4 control 8 given COWP 2 wks pre-weaning 4 given 0.5 g 4 given 1 g 8 given COWP 2 wks post-weaning 4 given 0.5 g 4 given 1 g 20 ram lambs 4 control 8 given COWP 2 wks pre-weaning 4 given 0.5 g 4 given 1 g 8 given COWP 2 wks post-weaning 4 given 0.5 g 4 given 1 g NNY ADP

17 St. Lawrence County Extension Learning Farm Strongyle Haemonchus Geometric Geometric Weight, COWP FAMACHA Ln (+1) mean Ln (+1) mean lb. Administration Control Pre-weaning 0.5 g g Post-weaning 0.5 g g SEM P-value < NNY ADP

18 St. Lawrence County Extension Learning Farm Barberpole eggs/g feces COWP 0.5g Post 0.5g Pre 1g Post 1g Pre Control 7/7/2014 7/21/2014 8/4/2014 Date NNY ADP 8/18/2014 9/1/2014

19 Thousand Island Goat Farm 24 kids 8 controls, 8 got 0.5 g COWP, 8 got 1 g COWP 12 doe kids self weaning 4 control 8 given COWP at start 4 given 0.5 g 4 given 1 g 12 buck kids 4 control 8 given COWP at start 4 given 0.5 g 4 given 1 g NNY ADP

20 Thousand Island Goat Farm Strongyle Haemonchus Geometric Geometric TIGF FAMACHA Ln (+1) mean Ln (+1) mean Weight, lb COWP Control g g SEM P-value Sex Bucks Does SEM P-value COWP x Sex interaction P-value Date 8-Jul Aug SEM P-value <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 COWP x Date interaction P-value Sex x Date interaction P-value COWP x Sex x Date interactionp-value NNY ADP

21 Thousand Island Goat Farm Bucks Does Haemonchus eggs/g feces COWP 0.5g 1g CONTROL Haemonchus eggs/g feces COWP 0.5g 1g CONTROL 0 7/8/2014 7/22/2014 Date 8/5/ /8/2014 7/22/2014 Date 8/5/2014 NNY ADP

22 Study with lactating Clun and Romney Ewes. Table 1. Effect of copper oxide wire particle (COWP) dosage, breed, and date on FAMACHA scores and fecal egg counts a. Ln (Eggs+1)/g feces Antilog of means Effect Level FAMACHA Strongyles Haemonchus Strongyles Haemonchus COWP Control g Breed 2 g SE P-value Clun Forest Date Other SE P-value /30/ /14/ /28/ SE P-value a No interactions were significant.

23 NNY ADP Dorset X lambs at the Cornell Univ. Sheep Farm

24 Barber Pole Worm Egg County By Treatment in Boer goat kids where COWP was administered 2 weeks pre-weaning Barber Pole Worm eggs per gram /16/2015 6/30/2015 7/14/2015 7/28/2015 Control 0.5 g/head 1 g/head 1.5 g/head NNY ADP

25 Copper Oxide Wire Particles Researchers in SE US who have studied it the most recommend using it in combination with FAMACHA give COWP to your vulnerable 3s (lambs, kids, lactating or late pregnant females) rather than giving a commercial dewormer. Follow up with regular FAMACHA scoring, fecal egg sampling, to see if it is helping.

26 Conclusions thus far Not as effective as a dewormer (assuming there is no resistance to the dewormer). Does not seem to work at all in some farms/flocks? Diarrhea, diet, timing of infection, acidity of true stomach we don t know why No discarding of milk necessary

27 Conclusions On farms where it works,.5 gram per head dosages appears to be as effective as 1 gram per head for lambs. Studies on higher levels may be warranted on goat kids? On adult sheep and goats -2 grams per head appeared to work as well as 1 gram per 22 lb. live weight and did not significantly increase the copper levels in milk Need more studies to identify why the effect differs so much between farms.

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