Ciljne vrednosti i o čemu treba misliti tokom terapije gvožďem Prof.dr.Dijana Jovanović

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1 Ciljne vrednosti i o čemu treba misliti tokom terapije gvožďem Prof.dr.Dijana Jovanović Medicinski fakultet, Univerzitet u Beogradu Nefrološka klinika, Klnički centar Srbije, Beograd

2 Fe Neophodan element za skoro sve žive mikroorganizme Ključna funkcionalna komponenta molekula za: - transport kiseonika (Hb, Mg), - mnogih enzima koji prenose elektrone (citohromi, ribonukleotid reduktaza, enzimi vezani za sl.radikale), - sintezu mijelina i neurotransmitera - produkcija raz. metaboličkih intermedijera, - odbranu organizma Fe Podstiče stvaranje štetnih kiseoničnih radikala koji napadaju ćelijske lipide, proteine i nuklearne kiseline

3 Fe Fe se u organizmu nalazi kao funkcionalno, transportno i deponovano. Funkcionalno Fe (80%): cirkulišući Hb (65%), mioglobin (10%) i enzimi (5%) Deponovano Fe (15-20%) služi kao rezerva i za potencijalne toksičnosti viška Fe Transportni oblik Fe: transferin Mala količina Fe (0-2%) je dostupna u cirkulaciji za trenutno korišćenje

4 Transport i deponovanje Fe Transport Fe preko transferina koji predstavlja kompleks Fe 3+ i apotransferina (glikoproptein koji se satoji iz 2 globularna domena, sintetiše se u jetri i proporcionalan je nedostatku Fe) Pre vezivanja Fe za transferin vrši se oksidacija uz pomoć feroksidaze (ceruloplazmina) Samo 0,1% ukupnog telesnog Fe je vezano za transferin, a samo 1/3 transferina je zasićena Fe, pa postoji značajan rezervni kapacitet za vezivanje Fe UIBC, dok je TIBC ukupni kapacitet vezivanja Fe. Fe se oslobaďa od transferina vezujući se za Tfr 1 i 2 na odr. ćelijama, a preuzimanje je uglavnom endocitozom Fe se deponuje uglavnom u obliku feritina koji predstavlja kompleks apoferitina i Fe 3+, a kod velikog viška u obliku hemosiderina

5 Referentni interval muškarci žene Fe mol/l 8-30 mol/l TIBC mol/l mol/l (20 god) Transferin 2-4 g/l (25-50 mol/l) Saturacija transferina 15-45% Feritin g/l g/l

6 Donje vrednosti koncentracije hemoglobina u odnosu na uzrast i pol uzrast vrednost Hb (gr/l) 6 meseci 5 godina godina godina 120 Adolescenti: - muškarci žene: - generativni period trudnoća 110

7 Važne teme... Novi K/DOQI guidelines o terapiji anemije Četiri oblasti interesovanja: Rezistencija eritropoetina Bolesnici sa niskom TSAT i visokim feritinom Sigurnost različitih preparata gvožďa Upotreba gvožďa kod bolesnika sa HBI Jay Wish, University Hospitals of Cleveland, OH

8 NICE clinical quideline 114 Developed by the National Clinical Quideline Centre (February 2011) Kada započeti terapiju ESA preparatima? Hb < 11 g/dl (10,5 g/dl) Kad se razviju simptomi: zamor, otežano disanje, palpitacije, bezvoljnost GFR < 60 ml/min/1,73 m 2 Prethodna korekcija Fe Korekcija do g/dl (9,5-11,5 g/dl) NICE = National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence

9 Kod nas Kada započeti terapiju ESA preparatima? Hb < 90 g/l Kad se razviju simptomi: zamor, otežano disanje, palpitacije, bezvoljnost GFR < 50 ml/min/1,73 m 2 (predijalizni) Prethodna korekcija Fe Korekcija do 110 g/l

10 Rezistencija na eritropoetin Gubitak odgovora ili ograničen odgovor na EPO Zahteva velike doze: > units EPO/ned. Uzroci rezistencije: Inflamacija Nedostatak vitamina Infekcija Nedostatak elemenata u tragu Malnutricija Aluminjunska intoksikacija Subdijaliziranost Osteitis fibrosa GI krvarenje Anti-erythropoeitinska antitela Neoplazma Nedostatak gvožďa Chaim Charytan, Cornell University College of Medicine, New York, NY

11 Rezistencija na eritropoetin: Manjak gvožďa Jedan od najvažnijih uzroka rezistencije na terapiju EPO koji se može lečiti Predijalizni bolesnici sa HIB i bolesnici na peritoneumskoj dijalizi: Nedostatak gvožďa kao posledica anorekcije, smanjenog unosa, hroničnog GI krvarenja, upotrebe NSAID, menstruacijom ili u trudnoći kod žena. Bolesnici na hemodijalizi: Gubitak krvi preko dijalizatora, linija ili za vreme venepunkcije Gubitak 3-9 ml krvi / 3-9 mg gvožďa / dan Chaim Charytan, Cornell University College of Medicine, New York, NY

12 U slučaju terapije gvožďem Moramo odrediti: Koliko Fe da upotrebimo Koje parametre odreďujemo (TSAT, feritin, ili druge) Koje su ciljne vrednosti koje treba postići Jay Wish, University Hospitals of Cleveland, OH

13 Kako izračunati dozu Fe? Formula za izračunavanje doze gvožďa koja je potrebna za postizanje ciljnih vrednosti: (0,3x težina [ibs)])-(hbx100) 11.8 Auerbach et al. Am J Kidney Dis 1998

14 Ocena depoa Fe i funkcionalnog deficita Fe kod bolesnika sa HIB - Koji marker Fe treba upotrebiti? Različiti parametari za merenje Fe: Depoi Fe se odreďuju koncentracijom feritina u serumu Dostupnost Fe odreďuje: Procenat saturacije transferina Fe (TSAT) - (Fe u serumu i totalnog kapaciteta za vezivane Fe - TIBC) Procenat hipohromnih eritrocita - HRC Koncentracija Hb u retikulocitima - CHr Koncentracija cink protoporfirina ZPP Serum solubilni transferinski receptori stfr odreďuju broj eritroblasta u koštanoj srži i totalnu eritroidnu aktivnost NDT (Suppl 2) ERA/EDTA 2004]

15 K/DOQI updates Feritin: Čuvanje Fe Ali i reaktant akutne faze (infekcije, oboljenje jetre, maligniteti mogu koncentraciju feritina nezavisno od čuvanja Fe) Target vrednosti feritina: ng/ml kod bolesnika sa HIB ng/ml kod bolesnika na HD K/DOQI guideline updates: Zasnovano na raznim studijama pokazuje da se odgovor Fe smanjuje sa feritinom >500 ng/ml

16 Saturacija transferina (TSAT) Mera količine Fe koje je vezano za transferin u plazmi i koja je dostupna eritropoezi Normalan rang 20% - 45% Visoke vrednosti > 90% - hemohromatoza Niske vrednosti < 20% - snabdevanje koštane srži Fe Kod bolesnika na ESA korekcija Fe počinje kada TSAT padne < 20% GvožĎe se treba davati u cilju TSAT do 20-30% Povećanjem TSAT do 30%, smanjuje se doze EPO Schaefer L et Schaefer MR, NDT 2007

17 Procenat hipohromnih eritrocita (HRC) Procenat hipohromnih eritrocita (HRC) u cirkulaciji je direktan parametar koji ukazuje na količinu Fe kojom raspolaže koštana srž Kod zdravih osoba HRC < 2,5% HRC > 10% ukazuje na deficijentnu eritropoezu kao posledicu manjka Fe U toku terapije ESA preparatima HRC može dostići i vrednosti od 50% u slučaju dogotrajnog manjka Fe Schaefer L et Schaefer MR, NDT 2007

18 Serum ferritin (ng/ml) Hipohromni eritrociti Odnos srednjeg nivoa feritina (ng/ml) vs srednji % HRC za svaki pojedinačni mesec studije Inverzna linearna korelacija izmeďu procenta hipohromnih eritrocita indikator rasporeďivanja Fe u koštanu srž i feritina iz seruma % HRC Richardson et al. AJKD 2001;38:

19 Koncentracija hemoglobina u retikulocitima (CHr) Moderna hematologija odreďuje retikulocite: zapreminu (MCVr) koncentraciju hemoglobina (CHr) CHr < 29 pg/ćeliji deficijentna eritropoeza zbog Fe CHr - direktni indikator dostupnosti Fe koštanoj srži (senzitivnost 93%, specifičnost 83% i cut off 27 pg/ćeliji) Koristan u odreďivanju potrebe za započinjanjem terapije Fe Schaefer L et Schaefer MR, NDT 2007

20 Ocena depoa Fe i funkcionalnog deficita Fe kod bolesnika sa HIB PoreĎenje različitih parametara za merenje Fe kod bolesnika sa HIB je pokazalo da: HRC ima najbolju mogućnost da identifikuje bolesnika na HD koji treba da primaju i.v. Fe (efficientcy 89,6%, cut-off 6%) CHr (efficientcy 78,4%, cut-off 29 pg) TSAT (efficientcy 70,4%, cut-off 19%) Feritin (efficientcy 64%, cut-off 50 g/ml) NDT (Suppl 2) ERA/EDTA 2004]

21 NICE clinical quideline 114 Developed by the National Clinical Quideline Centre (February 2011) Korekcija preparatima Fe do: sferitin µg/l Transferin sat > 20 % (osim ako je feritin > 800 µg/l) Procenat hipohromnih eritrocita (%HRC) < 6 % (osim ako je feritin > 800 µg/l)

22 Oralno vs parenteralno gvožďe Oralno Fe nije efikasno kao parenteralno kod bolesnika na hemodijalizi, peritoneumskoj dijalizi i bolesnika sa HIB Uzroci uključuju: Malabsorpciju gvožďa Nedostatak komplijanse bolesnika kao posledica GI poremećaja Chaim Charytan, Cornell University College of Medicine, New York, NY

23 Neželjene reakcije pri primeni oralnih i i.m. preparata gvožďa Neželjene reakcije pri primeni oralnih preparata gvožďa: GIT: muka, pečenje u stomaku, bolovi, opstipacija ili dijareja tamna prebojenost zuba (tečni preparati Fe) Lokalne komplikacije primene i.m. terapije Fe: prebojenost kože, bolna osetljivost, maligna alteracija na mestu aplikacije leka

24 IV gvožďe je superiornije od oralnog u lečenju anemije kod NDD-CKD Delta Hb (g/dl) 1.0 IV iron 0.8 Oral iron * * *P < Time after initiating treatment (d) Source: Iron Sucrose US Clinical Trials Group; Kidney Int:2006

25 Sigurnost IV gvožďa: oblast za razmatranje Povećanje KVS morbiditeta i mortaliteta? Infektivne komplikacije? Tkivna opterećenost? Chaim Charytan, Cornell University College of Medicine, New York, NY

26 Sigurnost IV Fe: KV morbiditet? In vitro Fe može delovati proinflamatorno i indukovati lipodnu peroksidaciju Može li parenteralno Fe ubrzavati arteriosklerozu, inflamaciju ili KVS morbiditet? Feldman et al. (JASN 2004) & Harford et al. (JASN 2003) nisu našli korelaciju izmeďu Fe i KV mortaliteta i morbiditeta. Chaim Charytan, Cornell University College of Medicine, New York, NY

27 Visok ferritin, a ne kumulativna doza Fe, vodi povećanom mortalitetu bolesnika na HD Probability of mortality (Adjusted Hazard Ratio ± 95% CI) Cumulative 6-month iron dose (mg) > 1800 P = 0.78 Ferritin (ng/ml) < > 800 P = Results for both covariates are from unlagged time-dependent model. Ferritin is from month prior to iron dosing period. Adapted from: Feldman HI et al. JASN 2004;5:

28 Ako bolesnik ima nisku TSAT i visok feritin Razlika izmeďu: Bolesnika sa niskom TSAT i visokim feritinom sa inflamacijom Bolesnika sa funkcionalnim nedostatkom gvožďa (može se poboljšati terapijom Fe) Potrebno je uraditi dodatne testove Procenat hipohromnih eritrocita (HRC): senzitivni, specifičan marker za nedostatk gvožďa Odrediti sadržaj hemoglobina u retikulocitima (CHr) stfr nije dobra kao CHr; ne tako dostupan

29 DRIVE Study: Randomizirana, kontrolisana, multicentrična studija sprovedena u 37 centara za dijalizu širom USA (feritin> 500 ng/ml, TSAT < 25%, na ESA terapiji) (125 mg x 8) Coyne D W et al. JASN 2007;18: by American Society of Nephrology

30 . Coyne D W et al. JASN 2007;18: by American Society of Nephrology

31 Parameter Control(n = 65) Intravenous Iron(n = 64) Age (yr) 58.7 ± ± 13.0 Women (n [%]) 37 (56.9) 27 (42.2) Weight (kg) 75.0 ± ± 21.0 Height (cm) ± ± 36.1 Race (n [%]) White 20 (30.8) 20 (31.3) Black 33 (50.8) 30 (46.9) Hispanic 9 (13.8) 9 (14.1) Asian/Pacific Islander2 (3.1) 5 (7.8) Other 1 (1.5) 0 (0.0) Hemodialysis access (n [%]) AV fistula 30 (46.2) 33 (51.6) AV graft 21 (32.3) 20 (31.3) temporary catheter 3 (4.6) 2 (3.1) permanent catheter 11 (16.9) 9 (14.1) Dialysis vintage (yr) 4.2 ± ± 5.0 WBC (1000/mm3) 6.3 ± ± 2.6 MCV (mcm3) 94.8 ± ± 7.7 MCH (pg/cell) 30.0 ± ± 2.8 Most recent Kt/V 1.7 ± ± 0.4 Serum albumin (g/dl) 3.7 ± ± 0.4 CRP (mg/l)b 25.5 ± ± 39.2 Iv iron in previous 4 wk (n [%]) 24 (36.9) 22 (34.4) Iv iron given in previous 4 wk (mg)70 ± ± 103 Epoetin dosage (IU/wk) 35,128 ± 17,769 33,498 ± 17,377a

32 . Coyne D W et al. JASN 2007;18: by American Society of Nephrology

33 . Coyne D W et al. JASN 2007;18: by American Society of Nephrology

34 Bazni i finalni status Fe odreďivan koncentracijama feritina Feritin Control Intravenous Iron Baseline Final Baseline Final 800 ng/ml n feritin (ng/ml) 627±86 455± ±84 817±231 TSAT (%) 18.9± ± ± ±7.0 >800 ng/ml n ferritin (ng/ml) 947± ± ± ±310 TSAT (%) 19.1± ± ± ±8.5 Coyne D W et al. JASN 2007;18:

35 Sigurnost IV Fe: Povećan rizik za infekciju? Da li je moguća hipoteza o infekciji izazvanoj Fe? Bakterije zahtevaju Fe za svoju replikaciju In vitro Fe učestvuje u funkciji leukocita i fagocitozi IV Fe oštećuje funkciju neutrofila ali i ćelijski imunitet EPIBACIDAL: A multicenter prospective study. JASN 1998

36 Sigurnost IV Fe: Povećan rizik za infekciju? 988 bolesnika na dijalizi iz 19 HD centara Povećan rizik za bakterijemiju zavisi od: CVK u poreďenju sa AVF RR 7,6 Ranije bakterijske infekcije (2 ili više epizoda u prethodnih 18 meseci) RR 7,3 Imunosupresivna terapija RR 3,0 Anemija (1 g/l Hb smanjenje) RR 0,7 Iako je 5% bolesnika imalo feritin > 1000 ng/ml iako su bili na th i.v. Fe (Fe dextran) nije RR od infekcija bio povećan EPIBACIDAL: A multicenter prospective study. JASN 1998

37 Sigurnost IV Fe: Povećan rizik za infekciju? Arnof et al. KI Kod 665 bolesnika na HD koji su dobijali Fe sucrozu nije došlo do povećanja broja infekcija i broja hospitalizacija zbog infekcija Furuland et al. NDT Kod 157 bolesnika na HD koji su dobijali velike doze Fe sucrose nije došlo do povećanja mortaliteta niti broja hospitalizacija Parakash et al. PDI kod bolesnika na PD nije došlo do porasta broja peritonitisa niti infekcija katetera i pored primenjenih velikih doza i.v. Fe dextrana ili Fe sucrose Kalantar-Zadeh et al. Am Soc Nephrol Kod oko 5900 dijaliznih bolesnika i.v. Fe gluconat nije povećao inflamaciju čak je preživljavanje ovih bolesnika bilo bolje u svim subgrupama uključujući i bolesnike sa feritinom >500 ng/ml.

38 IV preparati Fe Preparati i.v.fe: Fe dekstran: velike molekulske mase (1954) Fe dekstran: male molekulske mase (1991) Fe glukonat (1999) Fe sukrose (2000) Feromoxytol (2009) Feric carboxymaltose (?) Fe isomaltosid (?)

39 A u e r b a c h & B a ll a r d A m S o c H e m

40 Wish J B, Coyne D W Mayo Clin Proc. 2007;82:

41 Neželjena dejstva IV gvožđa?

42 Bailie G R et al. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 2005;20: Podaci koje je dobila US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) od o alergijskim reakcijama na i.v. gvožďe u opstoj populaciji Ukupna doza tri preparata Fe 100 mg na 3 meseca porasla je za 78,2% za 6 godina Upotreba Fe dextrana smanjuje se krajem 1999., sa uvoďenjem Fe gluconata sredinom Ubrzo sledi uvoďenje Fe sucrose krajem 2000.

43 Upotreba po 100 mg tri intravenska preparata gvožđa u Americi (Januar 1997 Mart 2003). Bailie G R et al. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 2005;20: The Author [2005]. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of ERA-EDTA. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please journals.permissions@oupjournals.org

44 Tabela 1. Opis i definicija 4 kliničke kategorije za tip 1 alergijsku reakciju Klinička kategorija No Opis. Anafilaktoidna reakcija 1 Anafilaktoidna reakcija Anafilaksa 2 Anafilaktoidna reakcija i Anafilaktički šok Angioedem gor.res.puteva 5 Edem jezika, guše, faringsa i laringsa Urtikarija 9 Ospa, urtikatija i sl.. Bailie G R et al. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 2005;20:

45 Tabela 2. Algoritam anafilakse Samo Anafilaksa ili U kombinaciji sa kl.manifestacijom sistemske alergije: Bronhospazam Cirkulatorni kolaps Dispnea ili stridor Hipotenzija ili smanjenja krvnog pritiska Sinkopa ili gubitak svesti Angioedem gornjeg respiratornog trakta + Promene na koži kao posledica oslobaďanja histamina: Urtikaria Angioedem Bailie G R et al. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 2005;20:

46 Reports/million 100 mg dose equivalents FDA alergijske reakcije kod IV Fe: Jan 1997-Sep all event all fatal event 10 0 dextran gluconate sucrose Bailie et al. NDT 2005,20,

47 Reports/million 100 mg dose equivalents Kliničke kategorije (Reporting Rates- RRs) za 3 i.v. Fe th za tip 1 reakciju Dextran ima najveći reporting rates u svim kliničkim kategoriama urticaria upper airway angioedema anaphylactoid reaction anaphylaxis dextran gluconate sucrose Bailie et al. NDT 2005,20,

48 Reports/million 100 mg dose equivalents FDA alergijske reakcije kod IV Fe: Jan 1997-Sep Algoritam anafilakse za tri i.v. preparata gvožďa dextran gluconate sucrose Bailie et al. NDT 2005,20,

49 Bailie G R et al. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 2005;20: ZAKLJUČAK Bolesnici koji su lečeni i.v. Fe dextran imaju veliki rizik za sve i fatalne alergijske reakcije, kao i tip 1 alergijske reakcije Postoje male razlike kod upotrebe Fe gluconata i Fe sucrose koje ukazuju da Upotreba Fe sucrose ima najbolji alergijski profil izmeďu analiziranih i.v. preparata Fe

50 Koncentracije feritina za vreme terapije i.v. preparatima gvožđa: Fe sucrose (Venofer ) ili Fe gluconat (Ferrlecit ). Kosch M et al. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 2001;16: European Renal Association-European Dialysis and Transplant Association

51 Tabela 1. Promena koncentracije Fe i parametara krvi kod lečenih grupa bolesnika. Iron sucrose (Venofer, n=27) Iron gluconate (Ferrlecit, n=28) Baseline After treatment Baseline After treatment Haemoglobin (g/dl) 11.34± ± ± ±0.9 Ferritin (ng/ml) 412± ±293* 369± ±235* Hypochromic RBC (%) 6.3± ±4 10.8±8 5.2±3.7 Transferrin sat. (%) * * White cell count (10 3/ml) 7.3± ± ± ±1.2 Platelets (10 3/ml) 223.8± ± ± ±60 CRP (mg/dl) 0.9± ± ± ±1.3 AST (U/l) 7.8± ± ± ±2.1 ALT (U/l) 10.1± ± ± ±2.1 Legend: Hypochromic RBC %, percentage of hypochromic red blood cells; CRP, C-reactive protein; *P<0.05 for changes between baseline and endpoint values. Kosch M et al. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 2001;16:

52 Tabela 2. Neželjena dejstva za vreme studije kod bolesnika sa bubrežnom insuficijencijom Iron sucrose (Venofer, n=27) Iron gluconate (Ferrlecit, n=28) Flu syndrome Hypochromic an Pneumonia Surgery Cystitis CVS system Sinusitis Skin ulcer Kosch M et al. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 2001;16:

53 Tabela 1. Glavna neželjena dijestva leka (ADEs) kod uoptrebe parenteralnog gvožďa od 2001 do 2003 ADE Ferrlecit Dexferrum InFed Venofer Death Cardiac arrest Coma Anaphylactoid reaction Dyspnea a Allergic reaction b Abdominal pain Back pain Chest pain Hypotension Nausea Vomiting Sweating Total Life-threatening a includes respiratory depression and bronchospasm. b includes flushing, pruritus, urticaria, dermatitis and rash. Chertow et al. NDT 2006

54 PoreĎenje sigurnosti i.v.preparata Fe kod bolesnika na hemodijalizi (10 godina) Studije su uglavnom proučavale sigurnost Fe dextran, Fe glukonat, Fe sukrozu i ukazale da je Fe dextran najlošiji, a Fe sukroza najstabilniji MeĎutim, u poslednje vreme se pojavljuju i drugi preparati Fe koje treba bolje proučiti i na njih obratiti pažnju kao što je feromoxytol Coppol E et al. Ann Pharmacoth 2011 Pored poznatih preparata Fe tu su i već spomenuti Ferric Carboxyimaltoza, a i Iron Isomaltozid koji su još uvek nedovoljno proučeni. Auerbach & Ballard, Am Soc Hemath, 2010

55 UporeĎivanje i.v. preparata Fe u eksperimentalnom modelu Spargue-Dawley pacovi VI grupa po 10 životinja koji su dobijali HMW i LMW FeD, FeG, Fe carboxymaltozu (FCM), FeS i 0,9% NaCl. (40 mg/kg/ned 4 nedelje) Značajno TA je viďen kod LMW FeD grupi životinja Sve životinje su imale Fe i % saturacije transferina Ccr i prt - kod FeG enzima jetre kod FeD i FeG grupa Toblli JE et al. NDT 2010.

56 Histopatologija U jetri (homogenat) značajano pozitivan stejdžing za Fe u Kupferovim ćelijama i hepaticitima pacova tretiranih sa FeD i FeG u poredjenju sa ostalim grupama i značajno je od ostalih grupa sa Fe, feritin. Fe u srcu značajno u kardiomiocitima i intersticijumu srca kod FeD i FeG. Depoziti feritina u kardiomiocitima bili su kod pacova tretiranih FeD i FeG nego kod FeS i FeCM U bubrezima pacova značajan pozitivan stejdžing u tubulskim epitelnim ćelijama kao i u intersticijumu. Značajni depoziti feritina kod FeCM i FeS FeD i FeG imaju štetno dejstvo na hemodinamiku, funkcionalni i inflamatorni odgovor kao i jetru, srce i bubreg u poreďenju sa FeS i FeCM Toblli JE et al. NDT 2010.

57 Zaključak Korekcija preparatima Fe do: sferitin µg/l Transferin sat > 20 % (osim ako je feritin > 800 µg/l) Procenat hipohromnih eritrocita (%HRC) < 6 % (osim ako je feritin > 800 µg/l)

58 Zaključak Kod biolesnika sa HIB i na dijalizi bolja je primena i.v. preparata gvožďa nego oralnih ili i.m. Od i.v. preparata Fe najviše neželjenih i alergijskih reakcija utvrďeno je kod bolesnika koji su primali Fe dekstran velike molekulske mase. Potom sledi Fe dekstran male molekulske mase, pa sa još manjim neželjenim reakcijama Fe glukonat, i minumalnim Fe sukroza. Noviji preparati pokazali su se dobri kao što je Feromoksitol, dok su Fe carboksimaltoza i Fe izomaltozid još uvek u fazi ispitivanja.

59 Zaključak U našoj zemlji registrovani su preparati: Fe dextrana (Fedex, Ferrum Lek), koji se sve manje primenjuje, a sve se više upotrebljavaju preparati: Fe glukonata (Ferrlecit) i od skora registrovani preparat Fe sucrose (Ferrovin)

60 Zaključak U budućnosti će možda i neki novi preparati koji su navedeni, dati još bolji efekat kako na povećanje koncentracije Fe, odnosno dostizanje ciljnih vrednosti, tako i u smislu manjeg broja neželjenih efekata. Naravno potrebne su brojne eksperimentalne i kliničke studije pre uvoďenja ovih preparata u rutinsku kliničku praksu.

61 Fe dextran (Fedex, Ferrum Lek) Fe glukonat (Ferrlecit) Ferrovin Feromoksitol Fe carboksimaltoza Fe izomaltozid

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