The training year is divided into three phases: base, competition and transition phase.

Transcription

1 FCS 608 Sports Nutrition Fall 2010 Romina Atayan Kelley Gold Karmen Ovsepyan Anet Piridzhanyan Anna Lin Yang Nutrient intake: major role in the performance and recovery of an athlete. The training year is divided into three phases: base, competition and transition phase. Continuous change in eating habits and routines. May believe vitamin supplementation is necessary for peak performance or to avoid deficiencies. 1

2 Vitamin supplementation is not required if an athlete is consuming the adequate energy from foods, but deficiencies are possible (NCAA). A multivitamin with no more than a hundred percent of daily intake can be given to these athletes. Megadoses can hinder drug test results for competition and may reach toxic levels. A recent interest has developed in the athletic world regarding the relationship between vitamin D and athletic performance. http ://1.bp.blogspot.com/_A0dZx1QraSQ/Sty5m6afpxI/AAAAAAAABUc/H2Ekv7garCg/s400/vitamin d source.jpg 2

3 20th century Rickets shown to be prevented by a fat soluble factor D or by exposure to ultraviolet light to 1920 Sir Edward Mellanby did experiments with dogs raised indoors. Developed a diet that showed rickets was caused by a deficiency in trace components of nutrients found in the diet : Harry Goldblatt and Katharine Marjorie Soames Precursor of vitamin D in the skin exposed to light, the same vitamin D substance showed in the skin. 1930: Professor Adolf Windaus (University of Gottingen in Germany) Discovered the chemical structure of vitamin D 1932: The structure of vitamin D2 was found 1936: Chemical characterization of vitamin D3 Once the chemical structures were confirmed, it was determined that vitamin D was chemically a steroid. 3

4 Considered a seco steroid 3 intact rings (A, C, D) 1 broken ring (carbon 9 and 10 in B ring) Gives vitamin D conformational flexibility. Allows to interact with binding proteins. Fat soluble vitamin Humans can obtain in sufficient amounts endogenously. Source: Sunlight Food/supplements Different metabolism processes. 4

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6 Hypocalcemia Bone mineral density Stress fractures Higher concentrations of pro inflammatory cytokines 6

7 Supplementation Hypercalcemia Leads to injuries Affects recovery time 7

8 What to highlight about vitamin D to an athlete: Importance in athletic performance and risk of injury Monitoring their 25(OH)D level Types of food sources How to incorporate food sources into daily diets Effects of supplementation Deficiency/Toxicity Vitamin D and the Athlete 8

9 Constantini, N. W., Arieli, R., Chodick, G., Dubnov Raz, G. (2010). High prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency in athletes an dancers. Clinical Journal of Sports Medicine, 20(5), ak snc1/object2/1616/91/n _2668.jpg Aim of the Study: Vitamin D insufficiency among young Israeli dancers and athletes. Increased risk and role of sun exposure in vitamin D status. Two effects specifically important to athletes: R/S between serum 25(OH)D levels & physical activity. R/S between low serum 25(OH)D levels & susceptibility to viral infections. 9

10 Methods (N=98) trained athletes and dancers Medical records (Serum) 25(OH)D (1 mo) Deficiency: < 15 ng/ml (adolescents), < 20 ng/ml (adults) Insufficiency: < 30 ng/ml 4 subgroups based on 25(OH)D serum levels: <15 ng/ml ng/ml ng/ml 30 ng/ml Clinical and lab parameters compared Sport disciplines: indoor/outdoor sports Indoor: dancing, basketball, swimming, Tae Kwon Do, Judo, gymnastics, table tennis Outdoor: tennis, soccer, running, triathlon, sailing 10

11 Results/Conclusions Age: years old; Mean = 14.7 ± 3yrs Male: 53%, Female: 47% Blood samples: 50% summer, 50% winter 25(OH)D serum levels: Highest May October Deficiency: 33% of adults, 6% of adolescents Insufficiency: 73% of subjects Outdoor: 10 of 21 subjects (48%) Indoor: 62 of 77 subjects (80%) Constantini, N., Chodick, G., Rozen, G., Giladi, A., Ish Shalom, S., et al. (2010). Physical activity and bone mineral density in adolescents with vitamin D deficiency. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 42(4), jpg 11

12 BMD: Gender, estrogen, smoking, calcium & vitamin D intakes, sun exposure, and PA PA: Strongest factor ( bone mass) Purpose of study: relationship PA & BMD Adolescent females: 25 hydroxyvitamin D (25 (OH)D) status. Methods 116 caucasian females 54 dancers, >15 hrs/week 112 participating in school gym classes 3 groups (S) vitamin D Deficiency: <11.3 ng/ml & ng/ml Insufficiency: >15 ng/ml, <30 ng/ml PA: self reported BMD: vertebra, femoral neck, total body Vitamin D status serum 25(OH)D level 12

13 Results PA positively associated with BMD (whole cohort). Controlling age, BMI & PTH, association between PA & BMD grew stronger with decreasing 25(OH)D levels. In lowest vitamin D group, higher BMD found in participants with higher levels of PA. Suggested that PA may act as a protective factor to counteract the detrimental effects of vitamin D deficiency on bone mass. Nieves, J. W., Melsop, K., Curtis, M., Kelsey, J. L., Bachrach, L. K., Greendale, G., et al. (2010). Nutritional factors that influence change in bone density and stress fracture risk among young female cross country runners. PM & R: Journal of Injury, Function & Rehabilitation, 2(8), cache.net/xc/ jpg? v=1&c=iwsasset&k=2&d=38fcb2103a208d77d721ecaaa75a6ed7af3fedf1260f73b153d96a1c174ad76f00123aa3b5a18ed0 13

14 Stress fractures in young female athletes. Goal: Identify potential nutritional factors and dietary patterns that predict stress fractures and change in BMD in young female longdistance runners (Nieves et al., 2010, p. 145). istockphoto_ sports injury knee.jpg Methods 150 runners from cross country teams 40 miles/wk, no oral contraceptives Age, race/ethnicity, and number of menstrual cycles Food questionnaire Body composition, BMC and BMD at the femur, spine, and whole body Height and weight measured; BMI calculated Self reported stress fractures confirmed by x ray, bone scan, or magnetic resonance imaging. 14

15 Results Average age = 22 years 83% whites Body fat % = 18% runners who ran an average of 34 miles/wk 1/3 of women had history of stress fracture 8% amenorrhea 26% oligomenorrhea Average intake for all nutrients met or exceeded recommendations. Dietary pattern 1 = high dairy, low fat, and high protein Dietary pattern 2 = high F & V, high fiber, high protein, and low fat consumption 18 fractures in 125 women (2 years) Fracture sites = tibia, foot, femur and pelvis Conclusion High intake of dairy products = lower rates of stress fractures Increase in total body BMD & BMC Nutritional intake may be more critical in irregularly menstruating women. 15

16 Waldron Lynch, F., Murray, B. F., Brady, J. J., McKenna, M. J., McGoldrick, A., Warrington, G., O Loughlin, G., Barragray, J. M., (2010). High bone turnover in Irish professional jockeys. Osteoporos International, 21, % of Jockeys injured in the season 25% of injuries bone fractures Jockeys maintain low body weight in order to compete Usually done by a low caloric intake and high energy output 16

17 Methods 12 participants Clinical review, nutritional survey, endocrine studies, and bone turnover markers Results BMI 20.6 ± day dietary recall low in energy, calcium and vitamin D intake Increased evidence of bone turnover Conclusion 8% of professional jockey s have low to normal BMD Low BMI High bone turnover Could be resulted from strict weight and dietary practices 17

18 Lovell, G. (2008). Vitamin D status of females in an elite gymnastics program. Clinical Journal of Sports Medicine, 18(2), /9/2008_US_Olympic_a589.jpg? adimageid= &imageid= Assumed that young athletes have good vitamin D levels in Australia Low vitamin D levels in elderly or chronic disease states A 10 year review of gymnastics injuries at AIS 1 6.7% of female injuries were fractures or stress fractures Bone stress injuries Time lost from sport Often due to increased work load before competitions A survey of female gymnasts to determine their vitamin D and dietary calcium levels 1 Australian Institute of Sport 18

19 Methods Athletes screened for: Vitamin D status < 75 nm/l = below recommended guidelines/pth test Dietary calcium status Individual consultation and assessment with AIS 1 staff dietitian Food Frequency Questionnaire < 1000 mg = below recommended guidelines (9 11 years); < 1300 mg = below recommended guidelines (12 18 years) 1 Australian Institute of Sport Results Subjects 18 female gymnasts screened years old; average age 13.6 No vitamin D/calcium supplements taken Vitamin D 15 had levels <75 nm/l 6 had levels <50 nm/l PTH level 1/15 had a raised level of 11.0 pmol/l (normal ) and a vitamin D level of 49 nm/l Dietary Calcium 13 had daily dietary calcium intakes below 1000 mg or 1300 mg depending on age 19

20 Conclusion In previous 12 months: 13 suffered from bone stress injuries Low vitamin D levels 2 months after Australian summer session Minimal sun exposure at AIS 1 Now given oral vitamin D 3 (1000 IU/day) and oral calcium Gymnasts and other indoor athletes should be reviewed for vitamin D and calcium status 1 Australian Institute of Sport content/uploads/2008/08/ olympic_womens_gymnastics_7_wenn jpg Constantini, N. W., Arieli, R., Chodick, G., Dubnov Raz, G. (2010). High prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency in athletes and dancers. Clinical Journal of Sports Medicine, 20(5), Constantini, N., Chodick, G., Rozen, G., Giladi, A., Ish Shalom, S., et al. (2010). Physical activity and bone mineral density in adolescents with vitamin D deficiency. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 42(4), Dietary Supplement Fact Sheet: Vitamin D. (2009). National Institute of Health. Retrieved September 25, 2010, from Gropper, S. S., Smith J. L., & Groff, J. L. (2005). Vitamin D. Advanced Nutrition and Human Metabolism (pp ). Wadsworth: Thomson learning, inc. Larson Meyer, D., & Willis, K. (2010). Vitamin D and athletes. Current Sports Medicine Reports, 9(4), Lovell, G. (2008). Vitamin D status of females in an elite gymnastics program. Clinical Journal of Sports Medicine, 18(2), National Collegiate Athletic Association. (2009). NCAA Nutrition and Performance. Retrieved October 9 th, 2010, from Nieves, J. W., Melsop, K., Curtis, M., Kelsey, J. L., Bachrach, L. K., Greendale, G., et al. (2010). Nutritional factors that influence change in bone density and stress fracture risk among young female cross country runners. PM & R: Journal of Injury, Function & Rehabilitation, 2(8), University of California, Riverside: Center for Visual Computing. (1999). History of Vitamin D. Retrieved October 6 th, 2010, from Waldron Lynch, F., Murray, B. F., Brady, J. J., McKenna, M. J., McGoldrick, A., Warrington, G., O Loughlin, G., Barragray, J. M., (2010). High bone turnover in Irish professional jockeys. Osteoporos International, 21, Willis, K. S., Broughton, K. S., & Larson Meyer, D. E. (2009). Vitamin D status and immune system biomarkers in athletes. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 109(9), A 15. Willis, K., Peterson, N., & Larson Meyer, D. (2008). Should we be concerned about the vitamin D status of athletes?. International Journal of Sport Nutrition & Exercise Metabolism, 18(2),

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