MACROMOLECULES The Chemistry of Life
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1 MACROMOLECULES The Chemistry of Life SB1c. Identify the function of the four major macromolecules (i.e., carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids).
2 Vocabulary of the Day carbon macromolecule element nucleotide hormone monomer polymer saccharide hydrophobic enzyme
3 Which atoms are found in all living things? CHNOPS C = carbon H = hydrogen N = nitrogen O = oxygen P = phosphorus S = sulfur
4 Importance of Carbon Carbon (C) is the basis of all life. Carbon can form covalent bonds with as many as 4 other atoms (elements). Carbon atoms bond to form chains, branches, and rings. CH 4 =methane
5 Common Substances Made of Carbon Diamonds Coal Graphite (pencil lead)
6 What are organic compounds? Compounds that contain CARBON Macromolecules are large organic molecules. (macro=large; molecule=atoms that hook up)
7 Macromolecule Make-up Made up of smaller building blocks called MONOMERS. (Mono=one) Many monomers put together make a POLYMER. (Poly = many)
8 Monomers combine to form polymers.
9 4 Types of Macromolecules 1. CARBOHYDRATES 2. LIPIDS 3. PROTEINS 4. NUCLEIC ACIDS
10 ELEMENTS MONOMERS (Building Blocks)/ POLYMERS FUNCTION (Job) EXAMPLES OTHER INFO Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids
11 Carbohydrates
12 Carbohydrates FUNCTION: Provide immediate energy for cells MADE OF: rings of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen (C, H, O) CHARACTERISTICS MONOMER: monosaccharides POLYMER: polysaccharide most sugar names end in -ose
13 3 Types of Carbohydrates 1. Monosaccharide: one sugar unit (mono=one, saccharide=sugar) Examples: glucose (C 6 H 12 O 6 ) fructose (C 6 H 12 O 6 ) *Glucose is the most common monosaccharide!
14 3 Types of Carbohydrates 2. Disaccharide: two sugar unit (di=two) Examples: Sucrose (glucose+fructose) Lactose (glucose+galactose) Maltose (glucose+glucose)
15 3 Types of Carbohydrates 3. Polysaccharide: many sugar units (poly=many) Examples: starch (bread, potatoes) glycogen (muscle cells) cellulose (cell wall of plants)
16
17 Lipids
18 Lipids PRIMARY FUNCTION: Long-term energy storage for cells MADE OF: long chains of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen (C, H, O) EXAMPLES: fats, oils, waxes, phospholipids, cholesterol, steroids, triglycerides CHARACTERISTICS MONOMER: fatty acids and glycerol not soluble in water (HYDROPHOBIC)
19 Other Functions of Lipids 1. Protection against heat loss (insulation) 2. Chemical messengers (hormones) 3. Major component of cell membranes
20 Lipids Triglycerides: Fats and oils composed of 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids. H H-C----O H-C----O H-C----O H O C-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 3 O C-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 3 O C-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH fatty acids glycerol
21
22 Proteins
23 Proteins MADE OF: long chains of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen, sulfur (C, H, O, N, S) CHARACTERISTICS MONOMER: amino acids POLYMER: polypeptides 9 of 20 amino acids must be ingested (eaten).
24 Protein Functions & Examples Types of Proteins Function Where Antibodies Contractile Proteins (actin and myosin) Enzymes Hormones (insulin, oxytocin) Structural Proteins (keratin, collagen, elastin) Storage Proteins (albumin, casein) Transport Proteins (hemoglobin) Defend against bacteria and viruses movement Speed up chemical reactions Regulate body activities Provide support Store amino acids Transport Throughout the body Muscles Throughout the body Throughout the body Hair, nails, feathers, horns, beaks Egg whites, milk blood
25 4 Levels of Protein Structure 1. Primary 2. Secondary 3. Tertiary 4. Quaternary
26
27 Nucleic Acids
28 Nucleic acids PRIMARY FUNCTION: contain instructions to build proteins MADE OF: long chains of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorous (C, H, O, N, P) EXAMPLES: DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) RNA (ribonucleic acid) CHARACTERISTICS MONOMER: nucleotides
29 Nucleotide Structure Nucleotides have 3 parts: 1. phosphate group 2. Pentose (5C) sugar 3. nitrogen base
30
31 ELEMENTS MONOMERS (Building Blocks) FUNCTION (Job) EXAMPLES Carbohydrates C, H, O Mono- Saccharides (polymer: polysaccharides) Primary source of IMMEDIATE energy Glucose, fructose, table sugar, corn, rice, bread Lipids Video Clip Proteins Video Clip Nucleic Acids Video Clip C, H, O C, H, O, N, S C, H, O, N, P fatty acids and glycerol (polymer: triglycerides) amino acids (polymer: polypeptide or amino acid chain) Nucleotides (polymer: polynucleotides) Long-term energy storage Cell growth and repair, enzymes speed chemical reactions Contain genetic information Cooking oil, bacon grease, butter, oil, wax Meat, cheese, enzymes DNA, RNA
32
33 What macromolecule is most closely associated with the picture? A. Carbohydrate B. Lipid C. Protein D. Nucleic Acid
34 Ticket Out the Door (3-pointer) 1. Organize these 5 words into a list with a heading: lipid, nucleic acid, macromolecule, protein, carbohydrate. (1 point) 2. Explain the relationship between carbon and organic compounds. (1 point) 3. Compare and contrast carbohydrates and lipids. (2 points) 4. Compare and contrast proteins and lipids. (2 points) 5. How is the arrangement of carbohydrate elements different from the arrangement of the elements in the other three macromolecules? (1 point) 6. List the monomer and polymer for each of the macromolecules. (2 points) 7. Describe the primary function of each of the macromolecules. (2 points)
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