AGRIC SCIENCE (WEEK 5) Squatting of the bird with head tucked under the wings

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1 AGRIC SCIENCE (WEEK 5) PROTOZOAN DISEASES CONTINUED Symptoms of Coccidiosis 1. Closing of eyes Prevention Squatting of the bird with head tucked under the wings - Maintain good hygiene - Prevent animals from being in contact with faeces. - Raise the water and feeding troughs - Vaccinate - Add coccidiostat to their drinking water - Avoid wet litter - Disinfect poultry house before bringing in new stock - Treat animals with drug such as amprolium Nitrofurazone etc. Effects 75% mortality Transmission: Eating contaminated food and water 3. Babesiasis/Anaplasmosis Causal organism: Babesia (transmitted by tick) Animals affected: Cattle, sheep and Goat. Symptoms: High fever Anaemia Constipation Weakness Death The urine foams and it is blood stained. Prevention: Eradicate the insect carrier (ticks) Use of chemicals such as: Acaricides Spray the animal body and beddings Dipping of animals Burning of infested pastures Maintain good hygiene Raise resistant varieties Control : Inject the animals with babesan or trypan blue phenamidine

2 Effect 85% mortality Transmission: Through the bite of tick FUNGAL DISEASES 1. Aspergillosis Causal organism: Fungus (Aspergillos species) Animals Affected: Cattle, Sheep and Goat Symptoms: Formation of whitish growth like cotton wool on the body of the animal. Whistling noises from the animal Skin irritation High temperature Prevention: Maintain Good Hygiene Remove source of contamination like moulding litters or feed Regular pen disinfection Control: Use of fungicides to spray the animals and to prevent the germination of the spores. Reduction in leather production Transmission: It is transmitted through ripe or mature spores that are carried by air or physical contact. They form on wounds of the animals and animals can also be infected by contact with mouldy food, litters, equipment. 2. Ringworm Causal organism: Fungus Animals affected; Cattle, sheep and goat Symptoms: There are lesions or scab spread on the animal skin Unpleasant skin irritation Itching Falling off of hairs Rough skin and presence of ring-shape patches NOTE: In poultry, the wattle and the comb have grey patches.

3 Prevention: Disinfect animal house and all equipment. Maintain good hygiene and sanitation Control: Scrap off the old scabby materials and apply iodine. Use fungicide or treat with a mixture of Vaseline and sulphur Reduction in leatherl production Transmission: Through contact with infected materials such as feeding and water trough, furniture - Through contact with infected animal - Dirty feeding and water trough PARASITIC DISEASES Endoparasites Ectoparasites A ENDOPARASITES 1. Helminthiasis Causal organism: Tape worm, round worm, hookworm, liverfluke. Animals affected; Cattle, sheep, pig, poultry birds Symptoms: Anaemia Dullness and weakness of animal Diarrhoea Prevention: Maintain good hygiene Avoid animal getting in contact with feaces. Avoid animals grazing on infested pasture to liver fluke (applicable) Eliminate parasite and the eggs on the body of the animals using ascaricides. Eradicate intermediate host which spread the worm e.g. water snail for liver fluke. Death of the animal Reduction of fertility Reduction in meat quality It can expose the animal to other diseases

4 WEEK 6 B ECTOPARASITE Animals affected: Cattle, sheep, goat, poultry birds and pig Causal organisms: Tick, lice, mite, fleas Symptoms: Skin irritation / itching and restlessness Prevention: Destroy the ectoparasite using pesticides Dipping or spraying of the animals Keep the surrounding clean and maintain good hygiene Suck blood from the animal and transmit diseases. Reduction in leather quality Reasons why Parasites are considered to be a Problem in Livestock Production 1. Causes irritation on the animal body. 2. Transmit diseases. 3. Increase cost of production. 4. They divert the food meant for the animals to themselves, thereby making the animal to emanciate /lose weight. 5. They cause the death of the animal. 6. Decrease production. 7. Cause anaemia in animals. 8. Lower the animal resistant to diseases N.B.: To control the parasite (ecto parasite endo-parasite), their life cycle must be known 1. TAPEWORM (Taenia Solium) ENDOPARASITES LIFE CYCLE OF TAPEWORM: Tapeworm is a hermaphrodite (it has both male and female reproductive organs) and it can fertilize itself. When a matured and fertilized proglottide pulls off the body of adult tapeworm and drops out with faeces of man to the ground from where pig picks it up while feeding. It eventually gets to the intestine of pig where an enzyme acts on the egg and liberates the embryo which finds its way in to the blood stream by passing through the intestinal wall and is deposited into the muscle and heart of the pig. The embryo form cyst to become bladder worm with head turned inside out. When raw or undercooked pork containing bladder worm is eaten, the digestive enzymes of man dissolve the bladder worm and the young tapeworm with its head inside out emerges.

5 Economic Importance of Tapeworm on Man (i) Abdominal pain or discomfort. (ii) Weakness (iii) Anaemia (iv) Indigestion and vomiting Control Measures (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) All meat should be examined for bladder worm before selling to the public. Meat should be properly cooked before eating. Infected people should be treated by regular deworming. Good sanitary measures should be practiced to ensure animals do not come in contact with or eat human faeces. 2. ROUNDWORM (Ascaris lumbricoides) LIFE CYCLE OF ROUNDWORM: When fertilized eggs from the female worm are developed and are eaten by pigs either through feeding or drinking, the egg shells are dissolved by digestive enzymes and the larval emerge. The larvas then pierce through the intestine to the blood, then to the liver, the heart and then to the lungs. From the lungs, they pierce into the mouth and throat of the pig where they are swallowed through the gullet into the intestine. Here, the larval develop into mature worms and the life cycle is repeated again. Economic importance of Round worm (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) They reduce the growth of host animals. Causes indigestion and constipation. Destroy many organs during migration of the worms It results in loss of appetite, weakness and may lead to death. High infestation may damage the respiration of the host Control Measures (i) (ii) (iii) Clean and uncontaminated water and feed should be provided to the animals. Good sanitation of the environment should be maintained. The pigs should be dewormed regularly.

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