220 SUBJECT INDEX. D Diarrhea and sodium balance, 74 weanling, 161,179,208,212; see also Infection

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1 Subject Index Acid balance, see ph Allergy, food, see also Immunity and beikost, and breast milk, 91,143 and formula, Antidiuretic hormone, Antigens, see also Immunity determinants, 88 in breast milk, polysaccharides, 89 Appetite and failure to thrive, 56,57 learning and, neural control, preferences, for specific substances, 25 Aspartame, as sweetener, 140 Atherosclerosis, and early weaning, Atopy, 94; see also allergy B Baby food, see Beikost Bacteria, intestinal, see Flora, intestinal Beikost, see also specific foods; Supplemental feeding; Weaning composition in Africa, in developed societies, 53 in developing societies, 51,161,164 in Europe, in India, 147,196 in Pakistan, ,203 in Spain, suggested, 29, ,140,209 in Tunisia, in United States, popularity of, in United States, , sodium content, 116, , , time of introduction in Europe, in India, ,192,196,214 in Pakistan, ,203 recommended, 29, , , in United States, Bile salts secretion, 11 transport, 8 Birth spacing, ,192,213; see also Lactational amenorrhea Body weight, see Infant weight; Maternal weight Bonding, mother-child, 151 Bone formation and ph, 75 Breast-feeding, see also Milk cessation, reasons for, 132,199,212 duration in Europe, in India, 146 in Pakistan, in Spain, 132 in Tunisia, 212 recommended, 134,150 prevalence, in Europe, social support for, 146, Brush border, development of, 6-7 Calories, see also Energy of beikost, ,164, of breast milk, 48 of formula, 49 Caries, 159,166 Cereals as beikost, 136,138, gluten,

2 220 SUBJECT INDEX Chewing of complementary foods, 149 development of, 23-24,40 Chloride requirements, 69,74 Cholesterol and blood pressure, and breast-feeding, familial hypercholesterolaemia, metabolism, 95,96,98-99,104 and obesity, 100,105 and premature weaning, Crying, and thinness, 49,60 Cytoplasmic enzymes, in intestines, 8-9 D Diarrhea and sodium balance, 74 weanling, 161,179,208,212; see also Infection E Energy needs, see also Calories and activity, of bottle-fed infants, of breast-fed infants, determinant of weaning, 45,50-52 standards, 47-50,55,58 Esophagus, development of, 3 F Fat absorption and digestion, 19,48,96 in human milk, 48,60 in weaning diet, 96-97,112 Fatty acid production, 95 Fiber, dietary in beikost, 37-38, and energy requirements, 61,165 introduction, tolerance, 17 First feeding, Flora, intestinal in breast-fed infants, while breast-feeding, 11-13,37-38 while mixed-feeding, 13 while weaning, 13 and carbohydrate digestion, 38 and dietary fiber, 17,37-38 and disease, 13,14; see also Diarrhea in formula-fed infants, 14,38 and immunity, 89 and nitrates, 142 and starch absorption, 17 Formula, infant, see also Milk and cholesterol, 106,109 fat content, 19,47-48 "follow-up," immunogenicity, iron content, 167 prevalence, ,167 salt content, sugar content, 42,166 whey content, 89 Fruit juice, consumption of, 159,165 G Gastric juices, development of, 5-6 Gastrointestinal tract, see individual organs Glomerular filtration rate, Glucose, transport of, 7-8 Glutamic acid, see monosodium glutamate Gluten, introduction of, 138 Goblet cells, and cellular immunity, 90 Growth of bottle-fed infants, of breast-fed infants, 46-47, in developed societies, 46-47, in India, 188,190, in Zaire, 174, faltering, 56,57,172, ,190 social influences, standards, 45-46,48,54,56,58-59,172 H Honey, 166 Hydrogen excretion, and ph, 38,70,75

3 SUBJECT INDEX 221 Hydrolases, intestinal, 6-7 Hypernatremia, 68-70,73-75 Hypertension and blood pressure and diet, and early weaning, 116, ,123 and sodium intake, , ,127 glomerular, sodium excretion, tubular, 65 urine production, water balance, 66,69-70 Kwashiorkor in infants, 184 in nursing mothers, 173 Immunity, intestinal, antibody-mediated, 82-83,85 and antigen permeability, 77,86 cell-mediated, 79-85,90 delay-type hypersensitivity, 80-82,85 priming, 82-83,85 tolerance, 79-82,84-86,88,91 and weaning, 84-86,89-91 Immunoglobulin A, in breast milk, 170,178 Immunoglobulin E, in cord blood, 91 Infant weight and height, see also Growth India, 190,193 Zaire, 173, Infection breast-feeding as preventative, 217 and breast milk, 57,169,191 and milk quality, 57 during weaning, 51,53, ,161,179, , Insulin, and early overnutrition, 102,104 Intestines brush border functions, 6-7 cytoplasmic activity, 8-9 development of, 6-9,96 transport functions, 7-8 Intrinsic factor secretion, 5 Iron inbeikost, 138, ,162 in formula, 167 K Kidney, development of acid balance, anatomical, functional, 18,63,73 Lactational amenorrhea, 150,173; see also Birth spacing in Africa, 216 in India, 188,189, , Lactose absorption, 15,37 in formulas, 166 and intestinal flora, 13 Lingual lipase secretion, 5-6 Lipase, in human milk, 19 Lipid, see Fat Lipoproteins, ; see also Cholesterol M Malnutrition, see Nutrition Maternal weight Gambia, 216 India, 216 Zaire, 173,175 Metabolism perinatal, 93-95,106 during weaning, 95 Methemoglobinemia, 142 Milk, cow's fat absorption, 19 and formulas, 167 low-fat, 160 time of introduction, ,150 Milk, human antigens in, and cholesterol, , 106,109, compared to formula, 47 48,69-70,106,109

4 222 SUBJECT INDEX Milk, human (contd.) composition and nutritional status, energy efficiency, 60 fat content, 19,47-48 and immunity, ,178 protein content, 178 sodium content, 69-70,117 trace elements, 168 Milk consumption, by infants and environment, individual variation, 47 measurement, nonhuman, 166,168,201 sex variation, 51 Milk production, human in developed societies, 52 England, in developing societies, Gambia, 46-47,57 India, 60 Nigeria, 50 Zaire, 57, ,184 factors determining, insufficient, as reason for weaning, 47,51-52,59,146,147,200 and nutrition, ,180 and work by mother, 184 Modified food starch, in beikost, Monosodium glutamate, in beikost, ,156 Myelinization of brain, 113 N Nitrates, in beikost, 142,157 Nutrition, see also Kwashiorkor of infants, ,184, of mothers, ,180,185,216 overfeeding, ,105,162 supplements, 183 O Obesity and cholesterol, 100 and early overnutrition, ,105,111 and early weaning, 105 and food palatability, Olfaction, see Smell Ovalbumin, as antigen, effect of weaning, Overfeeding, see Nutrition; Obesity Ovulation, suppression of, see Lactational amenorrhea P Pancreas development of, 9-10 enzyme functions, 9-10,17 regulation of, 10 Pepsin secretion, 5 PH and bone formation, 75 and hydrogen excretion, 38 internal balance, Potassium, in diet, 116 Pregnancy, as reason for weaning, 147, Premature infants, feeding of, 107 Premature weaning and cholesterol, 99 metabolic effects, overnutrition, 101,105 Prolactin, serum, 174, Protein absorption, in beikost, 164, digestion, 18,96 introduction into diet, 18 needs, 45 Renal function, see Kidney Salt in food, see also Sodium children's reactions to, 27-28,141 and hypertension, , ,127 Serum albumin in children, 179,181 in lactating mothers, ,184

5 SUBJECT INDEX 223 Smell, and food preference, 28 Sodium, see also Salt amounts in diet, , ,141 inbiekost, 116, , , excess, 68-69,73-75 excretion, needs, 74-75,116,127 tolerance for, 65,68-69,141 Starch absorption, 15-16,37 modified food, in beikost, Stomach acid secretion, 5 development of, 3-6 emptying, 4-5 intrinsic factor secretion, 5 lingual lipase secretion, 5-6 motor activity, 4 pepsin secretion, 5 reservoir function, 3-4 Sucking, development of, Sucrose (sugar) in beikost, , ,166 and cholesterol, 97 infants' reaction to, Supplemental feeding, see also Beikost; Weaning consequences birth spacing, 188,189,191,194,213 flora changes, 13 growth of infant, 190, ,202 infection, 179,189,208 milk cessation, 188,190, , 215 practices in poor societies, , rural, , , , 205,212 urban, , , , 205,212 practices in wealthy societies, , , ,188 reasons, 206 growth of infant, 161,190,212 lack of milk, 173 pregnancy, 198,203,212 social status, 146, working mother, 148,189,214 Supplemental foods, see Beikost Swallowing development of, 3,24 fetal, 2 Sweetness, 27-28,42; see also Sucrose T lymphocytes, 79,85,91 Taste buds, development of, 2 preferences, 27-28,40-42 Teeth, and introduction of solid food, 39 Trypsin, pancreatic, 17 U Urine, production of, W Water balance in infants intoxication, 66 maintenance, Weaning, see also Beikost; Supplemental feeding critical period, 23,30,39-42,194 definition, 35-37,205 methods, 206, factors to consider, 1-2,29,45 in developed societies, 53-53, 143, in developing societies, 51-52,112, ,217 and immune function, 84-86,89-91 premature, see Premature weaning reasons for growth needs, 45,195,206 maternal nutrition, 51 milk decline, 47,51-52,146,147 pregnancy, ,203 socioeconomic factors, 130,146, ,173, , timing in Africa, for allergy-prone infants, 91 in Gambia, 42 in India, 216 in United Kingdom, 43