Introduction to Biochemistry
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1 Life is Organized in Increasing Levels of Complexity Introduction to Biochemistry atom simple molecule What is the chemical makeup of living things? macromolecule organ organ system organism organelle tissue cell Inorganic Molecules Do NOT contain hydrocarbons(h connected to C). A. Water (H 2 0) 65-95% of the weight of an organism. Very good solvent (polar). Source of hydrogen and oxygen. B. Carbon Dioxide (CO 2 ) Used by plants for photosynthesis. Source of carbon for organic molecules. C. Oxygen (O 2 ) 21% of air Needed for respiration (breakdown of food to release energy). Life is Organized in Increasing Levels of Complexity atom simple molecule macromolecule organism organ Organic Molecules Composed of hydrocarbons. Carbon is very unique! It has up to 4 bonding sites. Able to form single, double, or triple bonds. Lots of possibilities! organ system organelle cell tissue 1
2 Why Carbon? C C C Major Classes of Organic Molecules 1. Carbohydrates 2. Lipids 3. Proteins 4. Nucleic Acids Important Terms Polymer: large molecules made up of a repeating subunits Train made of many cars (subunits) Strand of pearls Life builds itself up, then breaks itself down, in never ending cycles of chemical reactions. Monomer: a single subunit used to build a polymer Individual train car Single pearl Life builds itself up and breaks itself down in never ending cycles of chemical reactions. Learning Target: Describe how polymers are built and broken down. 2
3 How monomers join to form polymers? Dehydration Synthesis: Process of removing water ( dehydrate ) to make a large molecule ( synthesize ). How monomers join to form polymers? Dehydration Synthesis: Process of removing water ( dehydrate ) to make a large molecule ( synthesize ). 1. H Monomer OH H Monomer OH H Monomer OH 1. H Monomer OH H Monomer OH H Monomer OH H 2 O removed 2. H Monomer OH H Monomer Monomer OH 2. H Monomer OH H Monomer Monomer OH H 2 O removed 3. H Monomer Monomer Monomer OH 3. H Monomer Monomer Monomer OH How are polymers broken down into monomers? Hydrolysis: Addition of water ( hydro ) to split apart a polymer ( lysis ) H 2 O H Monomer Monomer Monomer H 2 O H Monomer OH H Monomer Monomer OH OH Let s Review! What is the difference between organic and inorganic molecules? What is a monomer? What is an isomer? What is a polymer? What is dehydration synthesis? What is hydrolysis? 3. H Monomer OH H Monomer OH H Monomer OH Carbohydrates Carbohydrates What elements make up carbs? C, H, and O. Examples: sugar, starch, cellulose, etc. What is the main function of carbs? Primary energy source for organisms (food, fuel, etc.). 3
4 Monosaccharides 1. Monosaccharides: simple sugars. All are C 6 H 12 O 6. Quick energy. Examples HO Mono = One Saccharide = Sugar Disaccharide 2. Disaccharide: double sugars. 2 monosaccharides All are C 12 H 22 O 11! C 6 H 12 O 6 + C 6 H 12 O 6 Di = Two Saccharide = Sugar C 12 H 24 O 12 Making a disaccharide involves joining two monosaccharides in a process called Dehydration Synthesis Dehydration Synthesis of a Disaccharide REACTANTS H 2 0 Removed + E PRODUCTS Mono + Mono + E Disaccharide + water Breaking apart a disaccharide involves separating two monosaccharides in a process called Hydrolysis Hydrolysis of a Disaccharide REACTANTS PRODUCTS + E Disaccharide + water Mono + Mono + E 4
5 Polysaccharide Complex carbohydrates a) 3 or more sugars Poly = Many Saccharide = Sugar Examples of Polysaccharides Starch: carb storage in plants (usually in the roots). b) Usually thousands of simple sugars c) Used for stored energy Cellulose: Structural material in plant cell walls Major component of wood Glycogen: Animal starch Storage of excess carbohydrates Found in muscle and liver Review What are the three types of carbohydrates? More Review Which chemical process is illustrated below? How do you know? Hydrolysis, water is being added to break down a molecule Lipids 5
6 Lipids A) What elements compose Lipids? C, H, and O but greater proportion of H atoms than in carbohydrates What are some example? Fats, Waxes, Oils What two monomers make up Lipids? 1 Glycerol + 3 Fatty Acids Dehydration synthesis Hydrolysis Two Types of Fatty Acids Saturated Fatty Acids No double bonds between carbon atoms. Very stable; hard to digest. Animal fats (i.e. butter, bacon grease). Solids at room temp Cause of heart disease. Two Types of Fatty Acids Unsaturated Fatty Acids Has double bonds between carbon atoms. Less stable; easier to digest. Liquids at room temp Plant fats (peanut oil, corn oil, olive oil). Carboxyl group Do lipids like water? No way! Lipids DO NOT dissolve in water: insoluble. This is called hydrophobic: water - fearing. 6
7 Not all lipids are bad!!! Fat is needed to allow vitamin D to assist in calcium absorption. Steroids are lipds. Ex. Hormones are steroids that serves as chemical messengers Importance of Lipids phospholipids Long term storage of energy. Major component of cell membranes. Protective coat for animals. Insulation Cushions internal organs. Let s Review What two monomers make up a lipid? How many fatty acids are found in a lipid? What is the difference between a saturated and unsaturated lipid? Name at least two reasons why lipids are important. Proteins Protein Function 1. Form body/cell structures for example: Protein Keratin Collagen Hemoglobin Muscle Antibodies Function Hair, nails, horns, claws. Ligaments, cartilage, bone, tendons. Transports oxygen in red blood cells. Movement and heart function. Fight off viruses and bacteria. Membrane Channels Allow substances into and out of cells 7
8 Protein Function cont d 2. Control chemical reactions in cells as ENZYMES Enzymes are very efficient catalysts for biochemical reactions CATALYSTS: molecules that speed up reaction rates (SEE MORE DETAILS ON ENZYMES ON PAGE 9) Protein Structure Proteins(large polymers) are composed of monomers called AMINO ACIDS. They contain elements C, H, O, and N. Most abundant organic compound There are 20 different kinds of amino acids, all with the same basic structure! What is the basic structure of an amino acid? Hydrogen atom Amino acids are named for their different R groups (3 out of 20 shown below). Amino group Carboxyl group R group (side chain) R-Group: side chain that makes each amino acid (monomer) unique. How are proteins made? Dehydration synthesis -the amino group (-NH 2 ) reacts with the carboxyl group (-COOH). + + Peptide Bond: a bond formed between amino acids. Dipeptide: TWO amino acids bonded together. Polypeptide: more than two amino acids bonded together H 2 0 Peptide Bonds 8
9 How is protein structure determined? Sequence of the amino acids determines the protein s folding pattern and therefore its unique 3-D structure. The unique 3-D structure determines its FUNCTION. ***Proteins contain 1000s of amino acids*** Two sample polypeptide chains: Polypeptide A Ala- Ser-Tyr- Ala-Glu- Ser- Glu Glu Phe Try- Ser Polypeptide B Ala- Ser-Tyr- Ala- Glu- Ser- Glu- Phe- Try- Ser- Ala Fibrous Proteins Globular Proteins Usually structural proteins. Usually enzymes. Remember!!! Sequence of AA determines its shape determines how it folds determines proteins function Structural Proteins Enzymes 9
10 ENZYMES are globular proteins that control chemical reactions in living things. In any living thing, the chance that two molecules (A and B) will meet and react at the right place, the right time, and in the right positions is completely RANDOM. active sites A B Substrates A + B + Energy Enzyme AB + H2O Nucleic Acid Elements: Contain C,H, O, N and P Monomer: NUCLEOTIDES What composes a NUCLEOTIDE? Nucleic Acids Four types of N. Bases A, T, C, G Examples of nucleic acids DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) Genetic Code RNA (ribonucleic acid) Protein 10
11 Phosphate Group Sugar Base One nucleotide 11
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