The Chemistry of Life
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1 The Chemistry of Life
2 Biomolecules Warm-up List the percentages of each: Total Fats Saturated Fats 25% Carbohydrates 10% Protein 7% 20% What Biomolecule would cholesterol be classified as? Lipids (fats)
3 Food Label Worksheet
4 Starting from the bottom
5 I. I. Atoms Just How Small Are Atoms? Incredibly small!! A row of 100 million atoms is 1 centimeter *( or the width of your little finger!) A human hair has 1 million carbon atoms A single drop of water has 2 sextillion atoms of oxygen and 2X number of hydrogen atoms If an apple were magnified to the size of the earth, then the atoms in the apple would be the size of the original apple
6 I. Atoms Basic unit of matter Made up of the subatomic particles: i. protons (+), ii. neutrons (neutral) iii. electrons (-)
7 II. Chemical Compounds Substance formed by the chemical combination of 2 or more elements O O Ex: Water - H 2 O - most abundant compound in living things Ex: Carbon Dioxide - CO 2 C Compound H O H Atoms
8 I. Biomolecules A. Macromolecules Formed by process called polymerization, in which large compounds are built by joining smaller compounds. The small compounds are called monomers, which join together to form polymers. Four groups of carbon compounds found in living things.
9 Monomer vs Polymer Monomer-single unit Polymer: many single units joined together Dehydration Synthesis: removing water to form polymers Hydrolysis: adding water to break down into monomers
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11 1.) Carbohydrates Elements: Carbon, Hydrogen, & Oxygen Function: Main source of (quick) energy for living things Energy 4 cal/1gram Monomer: monosaccharide Mono= 1 Saccharide= Sugar Example: Glucose, Fructose, Lactose Joining monosaccharides (monomer) together forms large macromolecules call polysaccharides (polymer) STARCH is a complex carb----
12 Starch is a complex carbohydrate (polysaccharide) that is used by plants as a way to store glucose. Starch is the most abundant polysaccharide in plant cells. Animals and plants digest starch, converting it to glucose to serve as a source of energy.
13 Carbohydrates 1 monomer glucose Polymer = starch
14 Simple Sugar Test Used Benedicts Solution to identify the presence of glucose. If the solution is positive for the presence of simple sugars (glucose), it will turn white, yellow or orange. * In real world settings, glucose in urine could mean you are diabetic.
15 Starch Test Used Iodine to identify the presence of starch. A blue-black color indicated the positive presence of starch.
16 2.) Lipids Elements: Carbon, Hydrogen, & Oxygen Function: Used to store long term energy, build cell membranes, insulate body, and waterproof coverings for plants. Energy= 9 Cal/1g Monomer: Glycerol & Fatty Acids Polymer: triglyceride Examples: fats, oils, and waxes
17 Lipids- look for LONG chains of carbons!
18 c Healthy Unsaturated Fats found in vegetables. Examples = Plant oil, fish and nuts. Saturated Fats - Dairy products and meat Unhealthy - Trans Fat(Man- made fat Examples margerine and Shortening
19 Lipids Test Lipids will test positive if it leaves a translucent (see through mark) on brown paper. *Lipids are insoluble in water meaning they cannot combine so water will not be able to dissolve oils. You need soap to help dissolve lipids.
20 Brainpop Videos: Carbs & Lipids
21 3.) Proteins Elements: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, & Nitrogen Function: enzymes regulate chemical reactions & cell processes, form bones and muscles, transport molecules through cell membrane, and help immune system, Energy: 4 Cal/1g Emergency ONLY! Monomer: Amino acids are joined together by peptide bonds to form proteins (polymers) Example: meat, beans, tofu, ENZYMES, antibodies
22 Proteins are large macromolecules (you break them down into amino acids) and there are MANY different types. The folding of a protein is what will determine its function UNFOLDED FOLDED
23 Protein test Used Biuret reagent to test solution for proteins. If the solution has protein in it, then it will turn purple. * In real-world settings, protein in urine discovered on a test may often be the earliest sign of diabetic kidney damage.
24 Nucleic Acids *biggest and most complex Elements: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, & Phosphorus Function: Used to store and transmit heredity or genetic information Energy: 0 Cal/g *you do NOT eat for nucleic acids! Monomer: Nucleotides are joined together to form nucleic acids (polymer). Nucleotides consist of 3 parts: a 5 carbon sugar, phosphate group, and a nitrogen base. Example: DNA & RNA
25 Universal Genetic Code The genetic code is based on DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid) and contains all the information needed to build a new organism. It is not only a program for what proteins are needed, but also when and how to make them.
26 The information is copied and passed from parent to offspring and is almost identical in every organism on Earth. For almost all organisms tested, including humans, flies, yeast, and bacteria, the same sequences of DNA/RNA are used to make the same proteins. Ex. The genetic code AGA has been found to make the same exact protein, arginine, in ALL organisms studied.
27 The genetic code is said to be UNIVERSAL in animals (including humans), plants, fungi, archaea, bacteria, and EVEN viruses.
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29 Fill in Biomolecules Chart & Concept Map
30 4 Classes of Organic Compounds All Contain Carbon Monomers (M) (Building Blocks) (Building Macromolecules CHO CHONP M=Sugars starch es cellulose glycogen Carbohydrates Nucleic Acids M= Nucleotides DNA RNA CHO M= Fatty Acids and Glycerol steroids waxes Lipids oils fats 1 enzymes Proteins muscle fibers CHONS M= Amino Acids cytoskeleton
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35 Enzymes: Are proteins - suffix ase Enzymes accelerate, or catalyze, chemical reactions Enzymes reduce the amount of activation energy required which will speed up the chemical reaction process - Synthesizing molecules (to build) - Digesting molecules (to break) Living organism cannot function WITHOUT enzymes because chemical reactions would be too slow
36 Graphing enzymes Optimal = enzymes are working best and many reactions taking place Activation energy= amount if energy needed for reaction to occur
37 Parts of the Enzyme Model
38 Lock and Key Theory Each enzyme needs to be the right shape for the job. *remember protein folding? What can affect the enzyme action? 1. Temperature: too hot or too cold 2. ph: acid level Changes in temp or ph level can slow down an enzymes ability to function. Extreme changes can cause denaturing of the enzyme. Denature: permanently change the active site shape of the enzyme. Will NO longer work
39 Enzymes are exact Each enzyme is the specific helper to a specific reaction Enzymes are named for the reaction they help sucrase breaks down sucrose proteases breakdown proteins lipases breakdown lipids DNA polymerase builds DNA Oh, I get it! They end in -ase Video
UNIT 3 CHEMISTRY OF LIFE NOTES Chapter 6 pg
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