Drug Classification and Pharmacologic Actions

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1 Drug Classification and Pharmacologic Actions

2 Learning Outcomes For major classes of drugs: Identify common drug names for each classification Describe actions- therapeutic uses Describe most common or most serious adverse effects List special precautions

3 Agranulocytosis Antiproliferative Arthralgia Cross-sensitivity Expectorate Myalgia Myelosuppression Peripheral neuropathy Rhinitis Key Terms

4 Section 1: Body Systems

5 Drugs for Nervous System Antiepileptic Agents Parkinsonian Agents Alzheimer s Disease Agents Multiple Sclerosis Agents Drugs to Treat Headaches/Migraines Drugs to Treat Neuropathic Pain Drugs to Treat Mood Disorders Antidepressants

6 Drugs for Nervous System Tricyclic Antidepressants Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAO-I) Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) Serotonin Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors (SNRIs) Miscellaneous Agents Drugs for Bipolar Disorder Anti-Anxiety Agents (Anxiolytics) Antipsychotic Agents

7 Drugs for Nervous System Sedatives & Hypnotics Drugs to Treat Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

8 Cardiovascular System Drugs Cholesterol-lowering Agents HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors Bile Acid Sequestrants Fibrates Other Lipid-lowering Agents High Blood Pressure Agents (Antihypertensives) Diuretics Beta-blockers

9 Cardiovascular System Drugs ACE Inhibitors (ACEs) Angiotensin Receptor Blockers (ARBs) Calcium Channel Blockers Vasodilators Nitrates Digoxin Antiarrhythmics

10 Respiratory System Drugs Bronchodilators Corticosteroids Other Agents for Treating Asthma Cough and Cold Products

11 Musculoskeletal System Drugs Osteoporosis Agents Anti-Inflammatory Agents Skeletal Muscle Relaxants Analgesics

12 Endocrine System Drugs Insulin Oral Antidiabetic Agents Thyroid Agents

13 Immune System Drugs Antihistamines Nasal Corticosteroids Vaccines

14 Gastrointestinal System Drugs Antacids Histamine-2 Receptor Antagonists Proton Pump Inhibitors Anti-Nausea (Antiemetic) Agents Agents to Treat Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) Antidiarrheals Laxatives

15 Urinary System Drugs Overactive Bladder Agents

16 Other Body Systems Drugs Ophthalmics Medications for Treating Conjunctivitis Medications for Treating Glaucoma Medications for Treating Dry Eyes Otics Topical Agents

17 Section 2: Women s and Men s Health

18 Women s Health Drugs Contraceptives Fertility Agents Hormone Replacement Therapy

19 Men s Health Drugs Medications to Treat Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy (BPH) Medications to Treat Erectile Dysfunction (ED)

20 Section 3: Anti-Infectives

21 Antibiotics Beta-lactam Antibiotics Penicillins Cephalosporins Carbapenems & Monobactams

22 Antibiotics Macrolides Sulfonamides Tetracyclines Aminoglycosides Fluoroquinolones Clindamycin Metronidazole Vancomycin Antitubercular Drugs

23 Antiviral Agents Herpes viruses acyclovir (Zovirax), famciclovir (Famvir), valaciclovir (Valtrex) Influenza A & B oseltamivir (Tamiflu) zanamivir (Relenza) Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) ribavirin (Virazole) Palivizumab (Synagis)

24 Antiviral Agents for HIV Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) AIDS Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) zidovudine (Retrovir), emtricitabine, didanosine, lamivudine Protease inhibitors Indinavir (Crixivan) Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTI)

25 Antiviral Agents for CMV Cytomegalovirus (CMV) ganciclovir (Cytovene) foscarnet (Foscavir)

26 Antifungal Agents Amphotericin available in multiple formulations: conventional liposomal (AmBisome) lipid complex (Abelcet) colloidal lipid dispersion (Amphotec) Azole antifungals ketoconazole (Nizoral) fluconazole (Diflcan) itraconazole (Sporanox) posaconazole (Noxafil)

27 Antifungal Agents Echinocandins caspofungin (Cancidas) micafungin (Mycamine) anidulafungin (Eraxis)

28 Section 4: Hematologic and Oncologic Agents

29 Hematologic System Drugs Blood Products Anticoagulants and Thrombolytics Thrombolytics

30 Chemo Classifications Alkylating Agents Antibiotics Antimetabolites Aromatase Inhibitors Biologic Response Modifiers Heavy Metal Compounds (Platinums) Hormones Immunomodulators

31 Chemo Classifications Microtubule-targeting agents Mitotic Inhibitors Monoclonal Antibodies Retinoids Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs) Topoisomerase Inhibitors Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors Misc Agents

32 Section 5: Nutritional and Dietary Supplements

33 Vitamins Involved in cellular chemical reactions & essential to normal tissue growth maintenance & function Vitamin D-synthesized by body with sunlight all other essential vitamins from diet Recommended dietary allowance (RDA) Fat-soluble or water- soluble fat-soluble vitamins : A,D,E, K

34 Vitamin Synonyms Vitamin A = Retinol Vitamin E = Tocopherol Vitamin B 1 = Thiamine Vitamin B 2 = Riboflavin Vitamin B 5 = Pantothenic Acid Vitamin B 6 = Pyridoxine Vitamin B 12 = Cyanocobalamin Vitamin B 3 = Niacin = Nicotinic Acid

35 Minerals Constituents of enzymes, hormones, vitamins Essential to muscle contraction nerve conduction water and acid balance Present in body in larger amounts calcium, phosphorus, potassium, chloride, magnesium, sulfur Trace elements iron, zinc, iodine, chromium, selenium, fluoride, copper, manganese

36 Minerals 4 minerals administered as single entities calcium iron potassium magnesium

37 Other Dietary Supplements Complementary alternative medicine (CAM) Incorrect belief that natural=safe 36% of the population uses CAM Immune system modulators (Echinacea) Energy vitality CAM (ginseng, caffeine) Weight loss CAM (caffeine, ginseng, bitter orange) Women s health CAM (calcium, soy) Depression CAM (St. John s Wort)

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