Chapter 2. Living and Non-Living Things Interact in Ecosystems

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1 Chapter 2 Living and Non-Living Things Interact in Ecosystems

2 2.1 Types of Interactions in Ecosystems Symbiosis PSymbiosis is the relationship between two different species in an ecosystem. Sometimes this relationship is good while other times it s not.

3 Types of Interactions in Ecosystems Symbiosis PThere are THREE types of symbiosis. P 1. Parasitism is a type of symbiosis where one species gets a benefit while the other species is harmed in some way. In extreme cases the host may die. P The parasite obtains its food from the other organism which is called the host. P Parasites can be external or internal Scabies mite

4 Examples of Parasites Tomato Hornworm covered in Braconid Wasp pupae Human Tapeworm Fungal parasite on Maple tree Cordyseps Fungus on Carpenter Ant Raflesia parasitzes a grape plant

5 Types of Interactions in Ecosystems Symbiosis P 2. Mutualism is a type of symbiosis where both species in the relationship get a benefit. P Termites cannot digest wood, so a type of single-celled organism that can digest wood lives in their digestive system. The termites are providing the microorganism with a place to live and a food source and in turn, the micro-organism breaks down the wood into simple sugars that the termite can use for a food source.

6 Examples of Mutualism Bees get nectar, flowers get pollinated Crocodile and Egyptian Plover Ants and aphids Lichens - mutualism between fungus & algae

7 Types of Interactions in Ecosystems Commensalism P3. Commensalism is when there is a relationship between two organisms where only one of them gains a benefit. The other does not get any benefit, but it is not harmed either. Clown fish and sea anemone Woodpecker living in a tree Barnacles on a whale P. 37 # 1-3

8 Types of Interactions in Ecosystems Food and Populations PThe relationship between predator and prey is also symbiotic. P The predator keeps the prey animal population under control by hunting it. P If the population of the prey animal goes down, it becomes harder for the predator to get food. As a result, the population of the predator goes down too. P In this way, there is always a balance in the ecosystem.

9

10 P. 39 #1-7 Checking Concepts

11 2.2 Roles of Organisms in Ecosystems PAll living things must have a food source. P We can classify organisms based on what they eat. P 1. Herbivores are organisms that consume only plant material. P 2. Carnivores are organisms that eat only other animals. P 3. Omnivores are organisms that eat both plant and animals.

12 2.2 Roles of Organisms in Ecosystems PWe can also classify organisms on how they get food - 4 ways... P 1. Organisms that must consume other organisms, whether they are animals or plants are called consumers. P 2. Organisms that can produce their own food, such as green plants, are called producers.

13 Roles of Organisms in Ecosystems P3. Organisms that feed off dead organisms or the waste of other organisms are called scavengers.

14 Roles of Organisms in Ecosystems P4. Organisms that break down dead organisms or the waste of organisms into their basic chemical parts are called decomposers.

15 Decomposers in our Food PThere are two basic ways to prevent decomposers, such as mold and bacteria, from growing on our food. 1. Keep them off the food in the first place, by making sure our hands are clean before handling food, using clean utensils to prepare food and by keeping food well covered and sealed. 2. Slow down or prevent the growth of decomposers by using methods like refrigeration, canning, vacuum packing, freezing, freeze-drying or radiation.

16 Decomposers in our Food P Drying removes moisture which all organisms require to survive. Freezing removes warmth thus slowing or stopping reproduction P Radiation kills bacteria. P Canning and vacuum packing removes air. Without oxygen most organisms cannot survive. P Salting food prevented growth of bacteria ex salt cod or pickling food in brine P Pickling food prevents harmful bacteria from growing, since bacteria have a hard time surviving in vinegar.

17 Decomposers in our Food P Sometimes the growth of these decomposers are helpful to us P For example, we use a friendly form of bacteria to produce yogourt and sour cream. This type of bacteria will not make us sick, in fact, it helps keep us healthy by preventing harmful bacteria from growing in our intestines. P There is a type of yeast (a form of fungus), that will turn sugars into alcohol and produce carbon dioxide bubbles. We use this yeast to make bread, cheese, beer and wine. P The main reason for using yeast in making bread is to get the dough to rise so that when baked it is light and fluffy. The yeast does this with the carbon dioxide bubbles. The alcohol produced is evaporated when baked.

18 2.3 Food Chains, Food Webs & Energy Transfer Food Chains PGreen plants and algae require energy from the sun to make food. P The plants and algae use some of this energy for their own life processes. When a herbivore eats them, some of the trapped energy is passed on to the animal. P A carnivore eats the herbivore and some of the energy the herbivore consumed is passed on to the carnivore.

19 Food Chains, Food Webs & Energy Transfer Food Chains PThe transfer of energy from organism to organism is referred to as a Food Chain. The arrows show the flow of energy! As you go up the food chain, the amount of energy passed on is decreased!

20 Roles of Organisms in Food Chains PEach type of organism has a role in the food chain. P Every food chain must have a producer at the bottom. PProducers trap the energy from sunlight through a process called photosynthesis. It is this energy that is passed up the food chain. P The next level of a food chain are organisms called herbivores. They eat plants only and are called primary consumers because they are the first in the line of consumers in any food chain.

21 Roles of Organisms in Food Chains PThe next level of consumers are those that eat other consumers. We often call them carnivores, but in a food chain they are called secondary consumers. P Food chains usually have up to four links, but it can t be too much longer since energy begins to run out as the food chain gets longer.

22 As you go up the energy pyramid, there is less and less energy transferred. To get the same amount of energy, the organism has to eat more. Secondary Consumer Primary Consumer

23 Roles of Organisms in Food Chains Food Webs PEvery organism is a member of a food chain. However, it is rare that an organism is a member of only one. P In fact, most organisms are members of several food chains. When several food chains cross over one another in the same ecosystem like this we call it a food web. P Of course, the last stage of any food web are the decomposers. Anything that dies in the food web will be broken down by decomposers.

24 Food Web

25 Energy Transfer in Food Chains P When an organism eats, it is consuming food for energy. Most of this energy is being used for life processes such as respiration, growth and movement. P Another large portion of the energy is passed out of the animal in the form of waste products such as gases, solid waste or urine. P Only about 10% of all the energy that an organism consumes is actually stored in the animals living tissues. P That means the second organism that eats this first organism is only getting about 10% of all the energy that it consumed.

26 Energy Pyramid

27 2.4 Cycles of Matter in Ecosystems Nutrients PFood provides more than just energy to organisms. P Nutrients such as carbon and nitrogen are also contained in food. P Nutrients are used for growth and repair of the organisms body. P Producers get their nutrients from the soil, water and air. P Consumers get their nutrients from the foods that they eat.

28 Cycles of Matter in Ecosystems Nutrients PThere is only a limited supply of nutrients on the planet. Therefore, nutrients must be used over and over again. P When the nutrients are in the soil, air or water they are abiotic but when these nutrients are used in the growth and repair of an organism they are biotic. P The process that moves nutrients from organisms to the soil and from soil to organisms is called the nutrient cycle. (See P. 61)

29 Nutrient Cycle

30 Cycles of Matter in Ecosystems Steps in the Nutrient Cycle P 1) Plants absorb nutrients from the soil, water or air. P 2) Primary consumers eat plants and Secondary consumers eat other animals. In both cases, nutrients are passed to them. P 3) The consumers release some of these nutrients by breathing out or excreting waste products (urine or feces). P 4) The rest of the nutrients are held in their body structure until they die. P 5) Decomposers take the dead organisms apart and place the nutrients back into the environment to be used again by plants.

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