I. ROLE OF CARBON IN ORGANISMS: Organic compounds = compounds that contain carbon Ex: Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins

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2 I. ROLE OF CARBON IN ORGANISMS: Organic compounds = compounds that contain carbon Ex: Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins Inorganic compounds = compounds that DO NOT contain carbon Ex: Vitamins, minerals, water

3 I. ROLE OF CARBON IN ORGANISMS: Carbon forms 4 covalent bonds to become stable Can join with other carbons to form straight chains, branches or rings. These structures may contain multiple carbon atoms This makes many compounds possible!

4 I. ROLE OF CARBON IN ORGANISMS: Methane = the simplest carbon compound (CH 4 ) Hydrocarbon = any molecule made ONLY of hydrogen and carbon atoms!

5 I. ROLE OF CARBON IN ORGANISMS: Ex: Methane Methane s molecular or chemical formula is CH 4 Methane s structural formula: obonds are represented by lines

6 I. ROLE OF CARBON IN ORGANISMS: Isomers = compounds that have the same formula but different structures Ex: Glucose & Fructose oformula- C 6 H 12 O 6

7 I. ROLE OF CARBON IN ORGANISMS: Molecular chains can range from 1-2 carbon atoms to thousands of carbon atoms

8 II. THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM: The digestive system breaks down organic compounds into their building blocks (monomers) Body cells take the monomers and put them together in the form the body can use

9 II. THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM: Macromolecules = extremely large compounds made of smaller ones. Polymer = large molecule formed when many smaller molecules (monomers) bond together, usually in long chains Ex: Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids

10 POLYMERS Carbohydrate Protein Lipid MONOMERS (building blocks) Monosaccharides Amino acids 3 fatty acids & 1 glycerol Nucleic Acids Nucleotides

11 WHAT PROCESS ALLOWS BODY CELLS TO MAKE LARGE COMPOUNDS FROM MONOMERS? Dehydration Synthesis or Condensation = The removal of H and OH (water)from the individual molecules so that a bond may form between them and result in a more complex molecule

12 WHAT PROCESS ALLOWS BODY CELLS TO MAKE LARGE COMPOUNDS FROM MONOMERS? Builds organic molecules Create bonds = store energy ohumans protein production oplants fruit & veggie production This is represented by an equation: Monomer + Monomer ----> Polymer + water

13 Dehydration Synthesis: For example: 1. Amino Acid + Amino Acid ---> Protein + water 2. Monosaccharide + Monosaccharide---> Disaccharide + water 3. Fatty Acids + Glycerol ---> Lipids + water

14 + H 2 O + H 2 O

15 WHAT PROCESS ALLOWS THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM TO BREAKDOWN NUTRIENTS? Hydrolysis =(hydro = water, Lysis = to break) The breaking of a large compound (polymer) into smaller compounds (monomers) through the addition of -H and OH (water). Breaks organic molecules apart obreak bonds = release energy Occurs during digestion release energy from food

16 WHAT PROCESS ALLOWS THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM TO BREAKDOWN NUTRIENTS? This is represented by an equation: Polymer + water ----> Monomer

17 Hydrolysis: For example: 1. Protein + water ----> Amino Acids 2. Carbohydrate + water ---> Monosaccharides 3. Lipid + water --> 3 Fatty Acids + Glycerol

18 Hydrolysis of Sucrose:

19 WHAT DO ATHLETES EAT THE DAY BEFORE A BIG GAME? Carbohydrates; carb. loading works b/c carbohydrates are used by the cells to store and release energy.

20 III. CARBOHYDRATES: Foods: pasta, bread, fruits, veggies Compounds used for storage and release of energy Made of C, H, O atoms Reduced formula: CH 2 O

21 III. CARBOHYDRATES: How do you identify a carbohydrate? Look at the number of atoms Ratio is 2 Hydrogen atoms : 1 Oxygen atom

22 3 types of carbohydrates: 1. Monosaccharide = C 6 H 12 O 6 Simple sugar (6 carbons) Ex: glucose, fructose, galactose Only form our body can use for energy

23 3 types of carbohydrates: 2. Disaccharide = C 12 H 22 O 11 Double sugar made of 2 simple sugars (mono. + mono.) Lactose

24 Combined by dehydration synthesis reaction Ex: sucrose, lactose, maltose Sucrose: (table sugar) Glucose + Fructose sucrose + H 2 O Lactose: (milk sugar) Glucose + Galactose lactose + H 2 O Maltose: Glucose + Glucose maltose + H 2 O

25 3 types of carbohydrates: 3. Polysaccharide = More than 2 monosaccharides joined by dehydration synthesis Ex: Starch- Plant s energy storing molecule Starch

26 3 types of carbohydrates: Glycogen- Animal s energy storing molecule oenergy storage form of glucose ofound in the liver and skeletal muscle o When the body needs energy between meals/physical activity, glycogen is broken down into glucose through hydrolysis

27 3 types of carbohydrates: Cellulose- provides structure in plant cell walls (cannot be digested by human body)

28 What happens to CARBOHYDRATES in the body? Broken down by the digestive system into monosaccharides which are then absorbed into the body through the bloodstream, where the body cells take the monosaccharides and produce energy After the immediate energy requirements of all your body's tissues have been met, the excess glucose in your blood will be converted into a storage form of carbohydrate called glycogen (found in your muscles and liver). If all of your glycogen stores are full and you still have excess glucose in your bloodstream, the remaining glucose will be converted to fat.

29 IV. FUNCTIONAL GROUPS: Functional groups give a molecule distinctive properties Alcohol Group: (-OH) allows molecule to be more soluble in water Alcohol group

30 IV. FUNCTIONAL GROUPS: Carboxyl Group: (-COOH) allows molecule to release H ions in water-therefore acidic! othere is a double bond between carbon and oxygen

31 IV. FUNCTIONAL GROUPS: Amino Group: (-NH 2 ) allows molecule to accept ions from acids therefore basic!

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33 Amino Group Carboxyl Group