GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM

Transcription

1 GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM

2 Topographic Anatomy of the Abdomen

3 Surface Landmarks Xiphoid process T9/T10 Inferior costal margin L2/L3 Iliac Crest L4 level ASIS L5/S1 level Pubic symphysis level of greater trochanter Inguinal groove separates abdomen from thigh; ASIS to pubic tubercle

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5 Structures Skin protective covering Muscles Peritoneum lining of and Greater omentum fold of in anterior abdomen from stomach to

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7 Peritoneum (cont d) Lesser omentum fold of from to Mesentery peritoneal fold that supports the

8 Quadrants

9 Regions (9)

10 Planes

11 Diaphragm

12 Anatomy on side due to attachment Higher than

13 Attachments Arises from Anteriorly 6 th, 7 th, and 8 th Posteriorly surface of L1, L2 and L3

14 Main Diaphragmatic Openings (Hiatus) Aortic (aorta from to of body) Esophageal ( passes to ) Inferior vena cava ( from lower half of body toward )

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16 Diaphragm Relationships Domes T10 (right) and T12 (left) Excursion 1 ½ to 2 ; to Supine diaphragm 1 than when

17 Radiographic Studies of Diaphragm Pneumoperitoneum from ruptured organ Diaphragm paralysis

18 Pathology Hernia a rupture, of where organs come through Eventration diaphragm, allows organs to push up but not through

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20 DIGESTIVE SYSTEM and BODY METABOLISM

21 Anatomy of the Digestive System Alimentary canal organs and food Accessory digestive organs assist

22 Gastrointestinal Processes and Controls Processes 1) Ingestion a. Mastication ( ) 2) Propulsion a. Deglutition ( ) b. Peristalsis ( )

23 3) Digestion a. b. 4) Absorption 5) Defecation

24 Organs of the Alimentary Canal Gastrointestinal Tract

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26 Mouth (Oral Cavity) Lips Hard palate Tonsils

27 Tongue contains (taste buds) Teeth for of food Both mechanical and chemical digestion occur; begins chemical digestion of (starches)

28 Pharynx Common passage way for and Divisions Oropharynx

29 Esophagus Conducts food by from to through the esophageal hiatus in

30 Stomach Lies v and in LUQ Parts Fundus Body Pylorus

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32 Openings Cardiac orifice at end Pyloric orifice at end Rugae of stomach

33 Borders Greater curvature surface Lesser curvature surface Angular notch - curvature

34 Functions of Stomach Site for Gastric glands produce: Renin Mucus itself from being digested Gastrin Intrinsic factor

35 Contents of Stomach Chyme semiliquid state of processed food

36 Activities of Stomach No absorption of nutrients in stomach only and Food propulsion 1) 2) Mixing action 3) chyme into

37 Stomach in Relation to Body Type Sthenic ; at level of / ; emptying time

38 Hypersthenic ; stomach and ; shaped like a cow s horn; empties

39 Hyposthenic and thorax; stomach ; pylorus at L3/L4; empties

40 Asthenic ; pylorus often in the

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42 Small Intestine About 23 in length Boundaries from to valve

43 Small Intestine Subdivisions Duodenum section; (10 in.) Duodenal bulb or cap end Ligament of Treitz end

44 Pancreatic and enter duodenal loop through at Sphincter of

45 Jejunum section (9 feet) Ileum section; (13 feet); ends at ileocecal valve

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47 Features of Small Intestine Circular folds folds Villi processes on circular folds; within

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49 Activities and Functions of Small Intestine Chemical digestion of,, and in Nutrient occurs in and Water, food residue, and present in ileum

50 Large Intestine Boundaries from valve to ; feet long

51 Subdivisions of Large Intestine Cecum pouch at end Appendix colon colon colon Sigmoid colon Rectum

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53 Flexures of Large Intestine Hepatic (Rt. Colic) flexure junction between and colons Splenic (Lt. Colic) flexure junction between and colons

54 Structures of Large Intestine Goblet cells produce Haustra sacs Teniae coli longitudinal

55 Activities and Functions Receives - indigestible food residue from Absorbs to indigestible residue of the residue to rectum residue from as

56 Accessory Digestive Organs

57 Teeth Deciduous ( ) ; first set Permanent ( ) second set

58 Salivary Glands Three pairs of glands 1) Parotid ; and to EAM; duct

59 2) Submandibular (or ) under of ; duct 3) Sublingual under the ; Ducts of Secretion ; and serous fluid to start of

60 Pancreas Retroperitoneal

61 Pancreatic Functions Exocrine ( ) function enzymes (pancreatic juice) through the pancreatic duct (Duct of ) through the into the Endocrine ( ) function secretes hormones and from the of 1) Insulin blood sugar 2) Glucagon blood sugar

62 Liver and Gallbladder Liver structure organ; lobes and ligament Digestive function of liver secretes to fats

63 Digestive function of gallbladder and by removing water; hormone the GB to when fats are

64 Bile flows from the liver: Rt. hepatic duct + Lt. hepatic duct = common hepatic duct Common hepatic duct + (from gallbladder) = duct Common bile duct + pancreatic duct = ampulla (of Vater) or ampulla Ampulla into the duodenum

65 Nutrition and Metabolism Nutrient substance in food used by body for,, and

66 Dietary Sources of Major Nutrients Lipids Vitamins

67 Metabolism reactions necessary to maintain

68 Pathology Common congenital defects 1) / 2) fistula

69 Common inborn errors of metabolism 1) huge amounts of mucus of involved organs

70 Common GI Problems Throughout Life Appendicitis inflammation of Ulcer erosion of of GI tract Gallbladder problems,, etc.

71 Diverticulum of wall of GI tract Polyp growth on lining of GI tract

72 Intussusseption - of one part of intestine Volvulus of a loop of upon itself